Robber Barons and Industrial Statesman Essays -

During the nineteenth century numerous gatherings of individuals rose in power. There were numerous ideological groups, for example, the Greenbacks/Populists and there were gatherings of individuals who rose in our economy, for example, the alleged ?burglar nobles? what's more, ?modern legislator?. Looter Barons were ravenous and egotistical individuals that threatenly detracted from a region so as to excessively overwhelm a specific district of individuals. Unexpectedly, Industrial Statesmen were giving and ethically stable individuals who own the circle of industry and help improve society all in all. In spite of the fact that it?s reasonable to call a few people who rose in power mechanical legislator, it?s progressively exact to characterize them as Robber Barons since they were insatiable, narrow minded, and dishonest. While hordes of Robber Barons rose in power, numerous Industrial Statesmen rose and prevailing also. These giving and ethically stable individuals were individuals who possessed the modern circle and who attempt to better the general public. Thomas Alva Edison is a case of an unmistakable modern legislator during the timespan. He chipped away at making a tremendous research facility that will help give numerous individuals employments and make developments that the individuals required. Edison would before long bring in cash off of his organization yet he improved society all in all by giving employments and making assets they could require. (Doc. B) Due to individuals like Edison, society was better improved. There were numerous individuals during the nineteenth century that would do anything for cash. These eager individuals were all finished and one of the most noticeably known looter aristocrats was William Vanderbuilt. Vanderbuilt was an amazingly ravenous individual who just thought about cash. He once said something ?The pubic be accursed.? In a meeting Vanderbuilt had said this talking regarding the advancement of railways; he just put resources into the railways so he could bring in cash for himself. (Doc. A) The railways were made for open use and to be utilized to help better our locale. Be that as it may, burglar noblemen, for example, Vanderbuilt indicated how ravenous they can be to take something from general society and transform it into something for their individual addition. Not exclusively were Robber Barons considered eager yet they were viewed as narrow minded also. At the point when ethically solid and moral individuals get rich, they will in general utilize their cash to profit the network. In any case, Robber Barons were not moral individuals; they utilized their cash for themselves and didn?t care about their networks. William G. Sumner is a case of this conduct, he says that when individuals became rich the cash was for their advantage and there advantage simply because they are the ones that endeavored to get the cash they earned. (Doc. G) Although this might be valid, nobody individual required as much cash as big time business people, for example, Vanderbuilt and Rockefeller were accepting and could assist the network everybody now and again. Such Robber Barons were untrustworthy, childish individuals. Numerous political and financial gatherings rose into power during the nineteenth century. From the Greenbacks/Populists to the Robber Barons/Industrial Statesman, numerous issues happened all through the nation. The Robber Barons and Industrial Statesman were individuals who had huge amounts of intensity and decided to utilize it for good and terrible. The Barons made egotistical, dishonest choices while the Statesman made accommodating, moral choices reguarding society. All through the nineteenth century, the Robber Barons over-fueled the Statesman with their voracious, childish, and dishonest conduct.

Corruption and Nepotism Essays

Defilement and Nepotism Essays Defilement and Nepotism Essay Defilement and Nepotism Essay Defilement in India is an outcome of the nexus between Bureaucracy, legislative issues and lawbreakers. India is currently not, at this point thought about a delicate state. It has now become a thought state where everything can be had for a thought. Today, the quantity of pastors with a genuine picture can be relied on fingers. At once, pay off was paid for completing incorrectly things yet now pay off is paid for completing right things at opportune time. In India, defilement assaults the key estimations of human pride and political fairness of the individuals and consequently there is a squeezing need to detail a central human right to debasement free assistance. The improvement of a principal human right to a debasement free society will be watched at first from a global point of view in order to hoist the infringement of this privilege to the status of a worldwide wrongdoing. This would give the near premise to raise the privilege to debasement free support of the status of a major right inside the system of the Indian Constitution. One of the meanings of the term defilement is offering something to somebody with power so he will mishandle his capacity and act preferring the provider. Another definition is the contribution, giving, requesting or acknowledgment of a prompting or prize, which may impact the activity of any individual. It incorporates pay off and coercion which include at any rate two gatherings, and different sorts of impropriety that an open authority can submit alone, including misrepresentation and theft. The assignment of open resources for private use and the misappropriation of open assets by legislators and civil servants have such clear and direct unfriendly effect on Indias monetary improvement that their expenses don't warrant any complex financial investigation. There are numerous legends about debasement, which must be detonated on the off chance that we truly need to battle it. A portion of these legends are: Corruption is a lifestyle and there is no hope about it. Just individuals from immature or creating nations are inclined to debasement. We should prepare for all these rough errors while arranging measures to battle defilement. The noteworthiness of defilement as a factor that antagonistically influences the development of a nation is by and large progressively perceived. Defilement, in the expressions of Indira Gandhi, is a world marvel. It exists in created nations as well. Defilement is standardized as a piece of the fair procedure in the USA as campaigning and advertising exercises and the nation prides in its mushrooming campaigning and advertising firms with major outside governments entomb partners as its customers. The organizations are only mammoth business houses enjoying legitimate debasement. This no how legitimizes debasement other where. Indian defilement has exceptional qualities that make it unmistakably more harming than debasement in different pieces of the world. To begin with, individuals in India being poor and to a great extent subject to the Government for better than average living and even endurance, and restricted by its over the top laws, rules, guidelines and charity in practically all exercises of existence with high paces of tax assessment on each possible things and administrations, debasement actually drains life out of their reality dissimilar to those in created nations whose reliance on the Government is generally not all that profound and prelate. This renders debasement in India a very hazardous marvel with terminal outcomes on the way of life, esteem framework and the quality and the substance of the life of the individuals. Second, debasement in India streams down from above. Defilement at the top influences key choices and arrangements with clearing suggestions while center choices in created nations are taken on merit through straightforward rivalry. The boss financial results of debasement are the misfortune to the exchequer, an undesirable atmosphere for venture and an expansion in the expense of government-sponsored administrations. India despite everything positions in the base quartile of creating countries as far as the simplicity of working together, and contrasted with China and other lower created Asian countries, the normal time taken to make sure about the clearances for a startup or to summon liquidation is a lot more noteworthy. Nepotism Introduction: Nepotism is the demonstration of preferring family members over different workers. The word nepotism is gotten from the Latin word ‘nepote’ which implies grandson or nephew. Nepotism in the work environment emerges when bosses favor family members in their business choices, with little thought for the prerequisites of a position. Ability and experience are avoided making a degenerate situation in the work environment. Nepotism is considered wherever as an uncalled for rehearses however normal in numerous little organizations and non-benefit associations. There is no severe law recorded as a hard copy expressing that nepotism is disallowed, however there are various enemy of nepotism policies† that shield the administration organizations and open establishments as it were. Hostile to nepotism strategies forestalls family members, regardless of whether by blood or union with work in a similar firm or division. Many think about this as out of line treatment and even a few states consider manager hostile to nepotism arrangements to be biased based on conjugal status, on the off chance that they turn away qualified wedded couples from cooperating and numerous multiple times both the man and the lady are unreasonably important for an organization to pick one of them. In numerous family possessed organizations, nepotism is viewed as truly ideal and an equivalent word for progress since expenses can be cut if the relatives are prepared in different parts of the executives to guarantee congruity of the firm. Nepotism doesn't mull over whether the individual they are going to employ is fit for the activity, fit for the way of life, would roll out tremendous constructive improvements or not, yet they enlist in any case out of consideration for that individual uninformed that his/her absence of fitness can cause the business grave misfortunes monetarily and profitability insightful. As and when an occupation opening happens the enrollment specialist must follow the right, legitimate and reasonable technique of enlisting to dodge lawful problems and representative turnover. Defilement and Nepotism at Organization level: Defilement as a serious weakness is reflected by deceptive nature and dishonesty, which both hurt a firm’s serious situation in the market. A trade accomplice deserving of trust is one that won't abuse other’s trade vulnerabilities. In spite of the fact that trust is a quality of a connection between trade accomplices, dependability is a trait of individual trade accomplices. Validity is a significant asset that makes upper hand and recognizes a firm from different opponents. Defilement and pay off, be that as it may, encourage deceitfulness and scatter believability. At the point when a firm is engaged with defilement and pay off, different firms will see it as questionable and keep away from it. Unscrupulousness and inconsistency in this manner crush, as opposed to invigorate, business systems. The unlawful idea of defilement reflects an individual or hierarchical conniving. Being honest is an essential component for corporate notoriety and Trustworthiness. Since hierarchical reliability is, in enormous part, implanted in top Managers’ validity and genuineness, defilement enduringly affects the firm except if these administrators are expelled from the association. In an undeniably serious condition, long haul associations with providers, purchasers, wholesalers, and different firms influencing a firm’s in reverse or forward worth chain become central. A break in such long haul connections because of debasement longitudinally and in a general sense hampers a firm’s advertise notoriety and upper hands. Rehabilitating former connections and starting new systems may take years if a frequency of debasement or pay off happens. Besides, shakiness and conniving emerging from debasement diminish purchaser trust in a firm’s support and disintegrate customer dedication. This further blows up a firm’s serious hindrance in the market. In the impression of most purchasers, corporate pay off or defilement infers authoritative sickness and operational insufficiency. It damages business morals and a safe distance business standards. Since top directors are pretty much engaged with degenerate exercises, defilement infers risky authoritative administration and sick business ethical quality. Under such initiative, it is practically inconceivable for a firm to have an imaginative culture, proficient organization, straightforward correspondence, successful data stream and beneficial coordinated effort across offices or divisions inside a firm. Defilement is a hierarchical pathology that outcomes from obstacles made by the bureaucratic structure . Its basic topic is the powerlessness of bureaucratic associations to achieve open purposes in light of the fact that there are sure intrinsic attributes in each managerial framework that is adverse to legit conduct. Plainly the organization isn't so unadulterated from within. So it isn't unexpected to locate that authoritative authorities are propelled to make instructive systems of companions, favor beneficiaries, agreements, and correspondence joins dependent on basically close to home, as opposed to authentic associations with others. Nor is it irregular that association that can't charge cash for their administrations must create nonmonetary expenses to force on their customers as methods for apportioning their yields.

Politics short answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Governmental issues short answers - Essay Example The Afghan government looked to reassert its position. The subsequent level is like the first since it expresses the gatherings in question. The gatherings included were the Taliban and the American powers. The Taliban is an Islamic radical outfit that propagated dread. The American powers were the powers to squash the radical outfit. The third level is the framework. There are two frameworks in this contention. The primary framework is the Taliban framework. This is a radical framework that works dependent on strict qualities. The radical accept that their assaults are hallowed thus; they are not limited by virtues. The American powers appear as specialists of popular government. They are out to convey Afghanistan from the subjugation of a psychological oppressor outfit. An ethnic gathering is a network that have a similar religion, language or culture while a country is a huge network that contain individuals of various racial foundation, language and culture. Countries are perceived universally while ethnic gatherings are constituents of countries. The assorted individuals incorporate to frame a state, in spite of the fact that the social and ethnic contrasts may influence a nation fundamentally. A security predicament is where a country is hesitant to embrace certain activity since they are careful of the results. This outcome in a time of uncertainty wherein the potential results are assessed

How to Organize Your List of Scholarship Applications

Common Methods to Organize Your ApplicationsSticky NotesAs a college student, I personally used sticky notes to keep track of my applications. Each application had one note, with the due date, requirements, and total award amount. spent far too much time organizing what seemed like hundreds of sticky notes on my dorm room wall, as I attempted to sort scholarships by deadlines, award amounts, and essay topics. The process was a huge time consumer, and incredibly frustrating!Spreadsheets or Word DocumentsSpreadsheets and lists are great to organize your notes and deadlines as well. The one challenge here is making sure you check back to see if any deadlines are coming up.Electronic CalendarsYou can also put deadlines in your electronic calendar, setting a reminder for the deadline so you dont miss it. Still, you have to make sure you actually use that electronic calendar!Paper Method with Folders or BinderLastly, you can also print out the applications and create a folder or binder wit h everything in them. This of course welcomes the similar challenge of no reminders before deadlines (and lets not forget about the poor trees)As you can see, these are all decent methods but they certainly have their flaws.This source of stress and anxiety and frustration motivated The Scholarship System team to create a process that would ease application organization for its students; and it is completely free for YOU to use!The New Way to Organize Your Applications Is your list of scholarship applications growing out of control? Perhaps youve worked hard on an application and missed the deadline simply because the date fell off your radar?Organizing scholarship applications is key to earning as much money as possible and graduate debt free. Without any organization tool, the scholarship application process can quickly become overwhelming. Common Methods to Organize Your ApplicationsSticky NotesAs a college student, I personally used sticky notes to keep track of my applications. Each application had one note, with the due date, requirements, and total award amount. spent far too much time organizing what seemed like hundreds of sticky notes on my dorm room wall, as I attempted to sort scholarships by deadlines, award amounts, and essay topics. The process was a huge time consumer, and incredibly frustrating!Spreadsheets or Word DocumentsSpreadsheets and lists are great to organize your notes and deadlines as well. The one challenge here is maki ng sure you check back to see if any deadlines are coming up.Electronic CalendarsYou can also put deadlines in your electronic calendar, setting a reminder for the deadline so you dont miss it. Still, you have to make sure you actually use that electronic calendar!Paper Method with Folders or BinderLastly, you can also print out the applications and create a folder or binder with everything in them. This of course welcomes the similar challenge of no reminders before deadlines (and lets not forget about the poor trees)As you can see, these are all decent methods but they certainly have their flaws.This source of stress and anxiety and frustration motivated The Scholarship System team to create a process that would ease application organization for its students; and it is completely free for YOU to use!The New Way to Organize Your ApplicationsThe Scholarship System has an amazing new set of tools that takes the effort out of organizing scholarship deadlines, gifting you more time and energy for writing awesome applications.We created a new app and chrome extension to help you as you search for scholarships, keeping track of due dates, award totals, and your own notes all in one easy to access place. Most importantly, our tool send you email reminders as your deadlines approach (aka never miss a deadline again!)This tool is invaluable, and takes only a few minutes and clicks to get rolling. Using our app and Chrome Extension as you research and apply for scholarships will help you reach your monetary goals; and who doesnt want more money for college? Check out this easy step by step guide to installing the App and chrome extension.Step 1: Get the App!The Scholarship System app is available in both:App StoreGoogle Play storeAfter downloading, create a new login.Expert Tip: With the App, you can check in on your scholarship progress anywhere- use the App to help you plan, check in quickly on deadlines, and show to off your progress!*Watch a quick Youtube video on how I use the app and Chrome extension to save scholarships here.Step 2: Chrome Extension Time!Chrome Extension= Scholarship Magic.Follow this link to install the Chrome extension, then log in using the same info from the App to sync your data automatically.Check out the top right corner of your chrome browser for the extension image. Whenever youre using your internet browser to find scholarship opportunities, youll use this tool to organize your search.Related Articles:8 Best Website to Find College Scholarships9 Insanely Useful Apps For College Students And High Schoolers8 Essential Life Skills to Teach Your High Schooler Before They Head to CollegeStep 3: Get Searching!Your tool belt is stacked and youre ready to search! Each time you find a new scholarship application online, click the Chrome extension tool. Youll see the sidebar appear, where tons of information is automatically pulled into your personal scholarship list- like organization name and link, making it easy to find again.Next, you have the option to add even more information manually, like the award total, due date, and important notes.Expert Tip: Dont forget to add the due date for each scholarship you enter. Not only will you see all your due dates on your app, youll get 2 email reminders from The Scholarship System as the date approaches, keeping you on track to meet the deadline!Step 4: Bragging Rights!At this point, youve saved hours of precious scholarship application time. So celebrate! Use your app or desktop browser version to show your friends, family, and teachers the awesome work youre doing to reach your monetary goal.Expert Tip: Why not celebrate your extra time by applying for more scholarships?! These tools give you the leg up on applications, giving you more time to research and apply.Bonus tip for parentsIf you want to help your student find scholarships, you can install the Chrome Extension into your browser, log in with your students details, and save the scholarships you find for them. This will add them to the ones your student has already found, putting all the scholarships in one safe place.So, instead of wasting time and money like I did, trying to arrange a million sticky notes, try these tools. The Scholarship System app and chrome extension is one of the best tools you can use to make your scholarship search quick, streamlined, and organized. If you prefer watching a video with instructions, here is a Youtube video of the app and Chrome extension to save scholarships.Finding Scholarships to Put in the AppIf you and your student would like to learn more about how to find scholarships that can help pay for college, sign up for ourfree college scholarship webinar! We cover how to spot the scams so you can make sure your student is applying to scholarships that are actually worth their time. Join the next free training here: www.thescholarshipsystem.com/freewebinarDid you have any questions? Comment below and we will make sure you know how to use this app and Chrome extension to save your family time with scholarships.

Life Lessons In To Kill A Mockingbird Essay - 849 Words

To Kill a Mockingbird Essay In this essay I will explain how three children named Scout, Jem, and Dill absorb some life lessons throughout the story. In this story two major things taught these kids life lessons, one of them would be Boo Radley a man who had his life stolen by his father who was a radical Christian, and the second would be the false rape charge against a black man named Tom Robinson. Also poverty and racism played a part too in teaching lessons. One of the biggest life lessons in â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird† would be maintaining innocence and good of mankind. Throughout the book you can see how the evil of man conflicts with the children’s innocence. One of the first would be Boo Radley, his fathers radical ways made him not†¦show more content†¦This life lesson also shows that mockingbirds or good people can be anyone but they can easily be crushed by great evil such as racism and poverty. Like Mr. Raymond explaining that he simply prefers bla cks over whites and because of racism he decides to pretend he is drunk to give people a reason to his ways. And Bob Ewell, because of poverty and his bad decisions made him a drunk, abusive father who didn’t care about his kids. Another life lesson in this book would be not to judge people based on stereotypes or looks. Throughout the book we can see examples like the children believe rumors of Boo Radley of how he was a crazy lunatic who would eat wild animals raw, and stare at you in the middle of the night. This was however not true but what was true is that he is sort off crazy since he once stabbed his father with a pair of scissors and continued doing his scrapbooking like normal. But there is a reason to why he is like that and the reason is because of his father he was strip of a normal childhood and was under the strict rule of literal understanding of the bible. Meaning his father took the bible literally. But we can see there is good in Boo Radley since he did man y good deeds for the children and other people as I said before in the lesson of innocence, suggesting that he isn’t as crazy as the rumors of him say. Another example would be Tom Robinson in the trial. In the trial the only thing that was brought upShow MoreRelatedLife Lessons in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay examples782 Words   |  4 Pages they are always learning something, either about themselves or about the environment around them. In Harper Lees heartwarming novel titled To Kill A Mockingbird, the main characters Jem and Scout grow and mature throughout the story as they learn both more about themselves and the world around them. As the story progresses, they learn many life lessons including those about prejudice, people and how they have been categorized and judged, and, last but not least, gender issues. A small city nestledRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird: Movie vs Novel1238 Words   |  5 PagesYou See Is Not What You Read Life is full of lessons, the movie version of the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is not! Harper Lee entwines these life lessons throughout her novel; however, the movie version fails to incorporate these lessons into its plot. Thus, the movie version must be deemed incomplete, as it is most certain that there are many important lessons that Jem and Scout learn throughout the novel. A few key characters who taught these lessons to the children and who will beRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird1286 Words   |  6 PagesTo Kill A Mockingbird Essay Reading broadens our minds and touches our hearts. It creates greater understanding and compassion in the reader through its characters and themes. Write an essay that addresses the ideas expressed in this statement with reference to your class novel. â€Å"You never really understand a person, until you climb into his skin and walk around in it.† With over 30 million copies sold worldwide and claiming title to the prestigious Pulitzer Prize, â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† isRead MoreThe English Assessment Task For Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1360 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish Assessment Task 1 - ‘To Kill A Mockingbird’ Essay â€Å"Whether Maycomb knows it or not, we’re paying him the highest tribute we can pay a man. We trust him to do right.† To what extent are life values and lessons reflected throughout the novel ‘To Kill A Mockingbird’? The great degree that Harper Lee reflects life values and lessons throughout ’To Kill A Mockingbird’ is elucidated through the teachings of the main adult protagonist, Atticus Finch. Over three summers, Atticus guides his childrenRead MoreRacial Segregation And The United Arab Emirates1422 Words   |  6 Pagesthe UAE has created a dynamic entrepreneurial environment for international investors. The finan To Kill a Mockingbird, produced in 1962, is an exquisite film adored by many. This classic trial displayed drama and established a childhood innocence from the narration of an adult’s point-of-view, which captivates the viewers’ attention throughout the entire film. To Kill a Mockingbird uses dynamic historical references, narrative structure, and editing to contrast the problem of the racism andRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Essay1076 Words   |  5 PagesIn this essay I’ll be discussing the 5 books I’d save from the firemen if I was G uy Montag in Fahrenheit 451, and which of the 5 I’d choose to remember and â€Å"become†. The books I’d save would be Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, Markus Zusak’s The Book Thief, Jandy Nelson’s I’ll Give You the Sun, the Bible’s book of Genesis, and Dave Canterbury’s Bushcraft 101: A Field Guide to the Art of Wilderness Survival. Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is an unforgettable novel of a child’s life in a sleepyRead MoreBlack or White: Moralistic Communities to Highlight Sin of Killing a Mockingbird1617 Words   |  7 PagesHarper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is one of the most popular fictions about racial inequality in America. Her portrayal of the Black community is amazingly positive and has therefore triggered discussion. In the fiction, while most of the white people treat the Black poorly and are evil-like, the blacks are generally genial and miserable. Atticus remarks that some Negroes do lie and act immorally. In this case, the rather one-sided Black community in the book seems to be idealized while the WhiteRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1270 Words   |  6 Pagesbook â€Å"to kill a mockingbird,† which was written by Harper Lee. the main character in the book was Atticus Finch, who is a lawyer in Maycomb, Alabama. he has two children, who are Scout and Jem. the symbol of Mockingbird in the book title and the story related to the innocent and oppressed people, which the people judge them without knowing them right, in another world take advantage of someone weaker than you. there are many Mockingbirds in the book, but I want to focus on the most Mockingbirds who areRead MoreKill A Mockingbird : Five Paragraph Analysis1288 Words   |  6 PagesAnna Anderson Zeroski English 9 Honors, Period 3 9 November 2015 To Kill a Mockingbird: Five Paragraph Essay Imagine a place where the verdict of a rape trial stems from racial prejudice rather than the proper evaluation of proven evidence. This is Maycomb, Alabama, the strange, Southern town where Scout and Jem Finch grow up during the 1930s in the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee. In short, the novel travels a thin line between a light-hearted narrative of the siblings’ childhood withRead MoreAnalysis Of Kill A Mockingbird, By George W. Bush1376 Words   |  6 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird is still relevant today To Kill a Mockingbird is a common household name. It’s one of the most famous pieces of literature. George W. Bush says To Kill a Mockingbird is â€Å"a meditation on family, human complexity and some of the great themes of American life. At a critical moment in our history, Mockingbird helped focus the nation on the turbulent struggle for equality.† (Wayne, pg. 1) President Bush couldn’t have been more right, To Kill a Mockingbird is a timeless classic,

The Goal Decrease Depression - 915 Words

Goal: Decrease Depression Description: â€Å"I need to stop the depression and learn how to be happy.† Within the next 3 months, Ashley will experience a reduction in depressive symptoms (i.e., sadness, isolation, agitation, hopelessness) from 5 days per week to 1-2 days per week aeb self-repo Obj: Over the next 3 months, Ashley will verbalize incidents that make her feel depressed (being adopted, being in foster care) and use at least 2 coping skills to help with reducing depression (thought stopping techniques, challenge depressive thinking) weekly. Int: PP will teach Ashley how to have positive interactions, create and implement positive activities with her children through talking and spending quality time (dollar movie, exercise, talking about school, etc.,) Consmer Met his/her goal this session: partially Behavior: Hilton L. Fordham, Jr., PP met with Ashley in the home to family skill building activities. Ashley is receiving services because of her inability to control her anger, aggressive behaviors, explosive mood swings, and poor communication with others. Ashley current behavior include being argumentative, oppositional with others, cursing, and increased irritability. During session Ashley presented alert and calm as evident by her willingness to engage with paraprofessional in activity and discussions. Ashley was well groomed and wore a white shirt with blue pants. Intervention: Paraprofessional met with Ashley, her sister, and her daughter to provide familyShow MoreRelatedTerm Form Of Depression : A Research Community College856 Words   |  4 PagesDysthymic Depression Hunter Boumans Central Louisiana Technical Community College †¢ DEFINITION- â€Å"A mild but long-term form of depression.† –Mayo Clinic †¢ POSSIBLE CAUSE/RISK FACTORS- The exact cause is unknown, however these 3 factors may be contributing factors: 1) Inherited traits, those who have immediate family members with dysthymic depression are more likely to develop it themselves. 2) Brain chemistry. Change in the balance of neurotransmitters are likely play a role inRead MoreA Workable Plan Of Care1302 Words   |  6 Pagesand then collaborate with the patient in setting goals that bring them to her desired outcome (Mensing, 2014). By setting these goals, the patient and provider can formulate the interventions and objectives that will assist the patient in reaching her goals (Mensing, 2014). Another aspect that is critical to implementing and achieving the plan of care is the assessment of any barriers J.M. may face that would keep her from accomplishing her goal (Mensing, 2014). Problem List for J. M. †¢ ObesityRead MorePositive Thinking And Mental Health1290 Words   |  6 Pagesstandards and goals for themselves. The benefits of positive thinking in some cases prolong death for individuals who are suffering from a particular illness such as cancer. In the article â€Å"Optimism, Social Support, and Mental Health Outcomes in patients with advanced cancer† social support along with positive thoughts creates a healthy mind and a better quality of life. Having a healthy mind means, an individual’s way of thinking is relaxed and happy, meaning a decrease in depression, anxiety, andRead MoreTypes And Diagnosis Of Depression843 Words   |  4 Pagesof a very mild form of depression? In order to explore this topic more fully, we must establish the definition and diagnosis of depression. According to the DSM-V, depression is defined and diagnosed with at least five of the following symptoms during a two-week period: -Depressed most of the day, nearly every day -Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities most of the day nearly every day -Significant weight loss/gain or increase/decrease in appetite when no dietingRead MoreMental Behavior Of Depression1035 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen proven to decrease depression in many people (Jabr, 2017). People struggling with depression have been prescribed exercise as a way to eliminate their depression (Jabr, 2017). Researchers have found through many experiments that any type of exercise decreases the risk of depression and helps those struggling with depression (Jabr, 2017). This topic is important because if exercise is an alternative for antidepressants or other medications, it is in those who struggle with depression best interestRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt )1480 Words   |  6 Pagesclient M and six weeks of individual therapy sessions using CBT therapy and the Beck Depression Inventory has the domain of counseling theory. Within the behaviorist strand of counseling theory, Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) has been successfully used to treat mild depress ion. In this case study, the client has mild depression; which is one of the most multi-problem mental health categories in the mild depression. The clinician uses CBT methodology. A leading CBT Theorist, Albert Ellis, has developedRead MoreThe Development Of An Integrated Treatment For Veterans With Comorbid Chronic Pain1212 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion whether integrating CBT for chronic pain and CPT for PTSD will decrease chronic pain and PTSD symptoms in veterans (Otis et al., 2009). The research consists of twelve sessions, once a week, for sixty minutes. During the first session clinicians educate participants on chronic pain and PTSD. In this first session participants are asked to generate three reasonable goals they desire to achieve through therapy. Weekly goal completion is examined before each session occurs. The second sessionRead MorePositive, Positive And Positive Psychology1413 Words   |  6 Pagesstate, which encourages individuals to develop methods that motivate themselves to achieve their coveted goals (Snyder, 2000). Individuals with high hope perceive barriers in goal attainment as challenges that they can overcome by utilising their pathway thoughts to form alternative routes to achieve their goals (Snyder, 1994 as cited in Snyder, 2000). Findings show that achieving goals is identified with positive emotions (Snyder et al, 1996). Research demonstrates the benefits of keepingRead MoreEssay On Adolescent Depressive Disorder1476 Words   |  6 Pagesis 1 - 2sub syndromal depression is present in 5 to 10% of the children 5 Major depression the other psychiatric disorder the common is according to DSM-5 persistent depressive disorder used to be call this Tanya anxiety disorder attention deficit hyperactivity disorder disruptive disorder substance abuse eating and personality disorder eating disorder substance disorder and disruptive disorder clinical manifestation change through the age going to DSM-5 criteria depression and irritability abilityRead MoreMajor Depressive Disorder ( Depression )1020 Words   |  5 PagesMajor Depressive Disorder (Depression) is a mood disorder where a person has a constant feeling of sadness and complete loss of interest in everyday life. It is considered more serious than a case of the â€Å"blues† and might require long-term treatment. During major depressive disorder, the person thinks and behaves differently and may experience emotional and physical problems. Causes The exact cause has yet to be pinpointed. It is believed that specific neurotransmitters in the brain may stop

Communication Barrier free essay sample

Introduction Effective communication is an important facet and skills are essential in all spheres of life. Communication is effective when the stimulus as initiated and intended by the sender, or source, corresponds closely to the stimulus as it is perceived and responded to by the receiver† (Tubbs and Moss, 2006), state . In nursing, every day we have to face to face with patient, we communicate with different people and different patients, so we must endeavour to give effective communication and also an important to counsel them from the usage of words, speed delivery of words, pitch modulation and body language.Effective communication is an essential component for organisation success, whether it is the interpersonal intra group organisation or external levels. Effective communication wills an increases patients and health outcomes of authority (Barlett, Grayson et al. , 1984), Reduces the risk of complaint and litigation of authority (Beckmam, 1994). Communication barrier is when person sends and receives messages that are distorted by noise , ccur within context,have some effect,and providesome opportunity for feedback. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication Barrier or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Joseph Devito (2009). Communication is a conversional process of sending message.Communication is important in our life,personal relationship and anywhere. Identifying the barrier to communication is the first step to improving effective communication. if it is unable to communicate his deep are certain obstacles, try to use body languages to convey an effective communication. Discuss in the appropriate place. There are many ways to makesure memorable communication. Communication barrier is what makes communication complexs,difficult,frustrated are the barriers we put in the way. When we talk, we tend to erect barriers that hinder our ability to communicate.There are five of these types of barriers to effective communication. Physical barriers are easy to spot doors that are closed, walls that are erected, and distance between people all work against the goal of effective communication. Physical communication takes place such as in office, ward, hospital, cafeteria and a public place. Second communication barrier is emotional barrier can be tough to overcome. By believing in yourself and what you have to say, you will be able to communicate clearly without becoming overly involved in your emotions.In the third barriers are cultural, different cultures, whether they be a societal culture of a race and religions which can hinder developed communication if different cultures clash. In these are common cases, in work situations, identifying a problem and coming up with a highly efficient way to solve it can quickly topple any cultural or institutional barriers. Another barriers are Interpersonal barriers, which what ultimately keep us from reaching out to each other, and opening ourselves up, not just to be heard, but also to hear others, this can be the most difficult area to change.They are unable to form genuine connections with people because they have too many false perceptions blocking the way. Luckily, the cure for this is more communication. By engaging with others, we learn what our actual strengths and weaknesses are. This allows us to put forth our ideas in a clear, straightforward manner. And the last barriers are gender have become less of an issue in recent years, but there is still the possibility for a man to misconstrue the words of a woman.Different gender had tended to form thoughts differently and this must be taken into barrier of both genders when communicating. (Christopher Smith II, 2010). Way of Overcoming these barrier When you send a messages,you intend to communicate meaning,but the message itself doesn’t contain meaning. The meaning exists in your mind and in the mind of your receiver. To understand one another,you and your receiver must share similar meanings for words,gestures, tone of voice and other symbols.

Math free essay sample

The larger the size of the family the larger the credit balances is for the family. The larger families have the financial needs to have a larger credit balance. 2. Determine the equation of the best fit line, which describes the relationship between CREDIT BALANCE and SIZE. Credit Balance ($) = 2591 + 403.2 Size 3. Determine the coefficient of correlation. Interpret. The square root of R-Squared = .566 equals R; R = .75 4. Determine the coefficient of determination. Interpret.  The R-Squared is .566. The R-Squared is stating that 56.6% of the data is correct which indicates that the percentage of the total sample variation of the credit balance value is accounted for by the model. 5. Test the utility of this regression model (use a two tail test with ÃŽ ± =.05). Interpret your results, including the p-value. Regression Analysis: Credit Balance ($) versus Size The regression equation is Credit Balance ($) = 2591 + 403 Size Predictor Coef SE Coef T P Constant 2591.4 195.1 13.29 0.000 Size 403.22 50.95 7.91 0.000 The p-value is 0.000 and therefore less than the ÃŽ ±=. We will write a custom essay sample on Math or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 05 and we reject the Ho because there was not enough evidence too. 6. Based on your findings in 1-5, what is your opinion about using SIZE to predict CREDIT BALANCE? Explain. The finding that I have from 1-5 that there is a slight positive relationship between the size and credit balance and the reason for this would be because of the prediction of the model for the credit balance to be within 260.162 x2 (520.32) 7. Compute the 95% confidence interval for beta-1 (the population slope). Interpret this interval. Coefficients Term Coef SE Coef T P 95% CI Constant 1276.02 273.621 4.66345 0.000 (725.248, 1826.79) Income ($1000) 32.27 4.348 7.42196 0.000 ( 23.520, 41.02) Size 346.85 36.030 9.62668 0.000 (274.327, 419.38) Years 7.88 12.338 0.63885 0.526 (-16.953, 32.72) 8. Using an interval, estimate the average credit balance for customers that have household size of 5. Interpret this interval. 9. Using an interval, predict the credit balance for a customer that has a household size of 5. Interpret this interval. 10. What can we say about the credit balance for a customer that has a household size of 10? Explain your answer. In an attempt to improve the model, we attempt to do a multiple regression model predicting CREDIT BALANCE based on INCOME, SIZE and YEARS. 11. Using MINITAB run the multiple regression analysis using the variables INCOME, SIZE and YEARS to predict CREDIT BALANCE. State the equation for this multiple regression model. Regression Analysis: Credit Balance ($ versus Income ($1000), Size, Years. Credit Balance($) = 1276.02 + 32.2719 Income ($1000) + 346.852 Size + 7.88209 Years 12. Perform the Global Test for Utility (F-Test). Explain your conclusion.

Oxygen essays

Oxygen essays Oxygen is the most important element in the periodic table, its symbol is O . Oxygen is colorless and odorless, it was found in 1774 by a man named Joseph Priestly, the origin of the name oxygen comes from the Greek words oxus (acid) and gennan (Generate). Oxygen has a very important role in the world its purpose is to support life. Oxygen bars and oxygen clinics have been popping up since the late 1980s from Tokyo to Toronto. The only down side to oxygen therapy is that it can be very pricey at the OXYGEN ZONE for 20 minutes it will cost you $20 dollars. However according to the National Headache Foundation there is some scientific evidence to support the use of oxygen therapy for cluster headaches. The newest thing that is going to hit the market soon is a new superoxygenated bottled water will soon come to the market, the company that produces it says it did a study showing that drinking the water shaved an average of 31 seconds off a runners 5- kilometer time. ...

Google Innovation & Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Google Innovation & Technology - Essay Example 50 percent of the audience is from outside the United States and the company is having 5,680 full-time employees working for the betterment of the company, over the years we have seen so many new services started by Google, such as Google Earth, G-Mail, G-Talk, Google Books, Google Cash, Google Desktop, Google Adwords, Google Adsense, and Google Maps. The services that Google is providing is exactly by putting the needs of the customers first, although every website claims to put their customers first but not the case with Google, which doesn't offer anything that is not beneficial to the visitors/users, even the search engine is fast and easily loadable, it doesn't advertise anything that can prove to be distracting the visitors/users and exactly the same way they have taken very good care of small things that can create more value in the eyes of visitors/users, the Google co-founder L. Page has said that "The perfect search engine [Google] would understand exactly what you mean and give back exactly what you want", this is clearly showing the signs of highly innovated technology, as the matter of fact, it is Google's goal to provide the visitors/users the information they seek in an absolute form. Google has gained success and popularity in an unusual way, they haven't really done any advertisement of their own and also haven't run any such campaigns, but their success and fame is from the word of mouth, just like from one person to another, another strange thing one can notice about google is the first online company who's stated goal is to have its users leave its website as soon as possible, which means that they want every thing to work fast perhaps just on a click, the time is taken by a query is even less than half a second, Google doesn't rely on big servers in fact they claim to have networked PCs that made their work so fast and innovative, another good thing found in google is that it has used a "Page Rank" technology in their search engine, through this technology they are able to rank websites that are mostly visited by the users for the purpose of information through Google, another technology used by google is "Hypertext-Matching Analysis".

Organizational Philosophies and Technology Paper Essay - 1

Organizational Philosophies and Technology Paper - Essay Example Setting and Managing Ethical Standards with Technology Technology is a body of knowledge organizations can use to create tools and develop skills using scientific method and material to meet an objective or solve a problem (National Institute of Health, 2011). The Diagram below illustrates the flow of technology and its use in solving problems within the organization: Diagram 1: Retrieved from http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih4/technology/guide/lesson1.htmeferences Ethical issues such as trust, privacy, and the reliability of information formerly were the primary focus in discussions about ethics, however with the introduction of emerging technologies into the organizational culture new ethical issues are evolving. The discussion of ethics and technology is not merely one in which human beings are susceptible or tempted to act unethical or illegally, but is one focused on the new organizational environment emerging between human beings and robots that is creating conce rn (Santana, Vaccaro & Wood, 2010, pp. 662-663). Santana et al. make the observation that the new informational virtual environments are creating new kinds of interaction resulting in the possibility of higher risks of ethical breaches within the organization. The process of networking systems of technologies into the organizational culture directly affects behavior influencing organizational design (Santana et al., 2010). Organizations philosophies now must take into account macro-ethics that include animate, inanimate, and informational entities (Santana, Vaccaro & Wood, 2010, pp. 661-663). The new ethical environmental dimensions created by technology are changing. The environments of living and physical things including informational objects such as intelligent software, artificial agents, and robots are requiring leaders to analyze their organizational structural design and internal processes. Santana et al. uses the example of the informational exchange between human beings an d robots or â€Å"virtual entities† in which human behavior and activities are affected by decisions made by machines. As an example take for instance a supply chain system in which a machines make the decision to order supplies or materials then issues instructions to human workers to process the request (Santana et al., 2010, p. 662); the ethical issue is not that a machine made the decision but one of who should take responsibility for making the decision in the event the order is incorrect. The human response is one in which he or she simply was following the instructions and therein is the ethical issue. Scholars question how to draw the lines of responsibility in the new environments and who should make the decision to implement the boundaries created that are affecting the relational interaction between humans and machines. Shaping Organizational Culture with Technology One of the primary challenges of implementing a technology strategy into a culture is how to network the various work units, systems, and communication processes within the organizational structure. The use of technology requires a system of networks to enable organizations to connect multiple layers of knowledge and information for vertical alignment and horizontal consistency (Barrette, 2005, pp. 221-223). As a noun, â€Å"

Family Violence Essay Example for Free

Family Violence Essay While it is difficult to create a concrete definition of family violence or blame anyone involved in it, no one will disagree with the fact that it can be disastrous for all members of any family. The inherent complexity of such situations makes it difficult to blame any single person of the family or to underpin a particular gender as the sole guilty behind such occurrence. Therefore this study briefly explores why this issue looks so complicated and whether such complication would help to solve the situation. According to Levesque et al. (2001), family violence involves family members acts of omission or commission that result in physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, or other forms of maltreatment, which eventually hampers healthy development of humans.   The above definition fairly indicates that there are many faces of family violence and it can be difficult for an outsider to identify if there is any violence ongoing in a family. However, American Academy of Family Physicians (2009), explains family violence as the intentional intimidation or abuse of children, adults or elders by a family member, intimate partner or caretaker to gain power and control over the victim. While the first definition mostly emphasizes on action, the second one stresses on intention. This adds to the complexity by highlighting the fact that family violence can take place even without the knowledge of most of the members in a family (Lau et al., 1999). For example, a father may find spanking as an effective tool to intimidate his daughter, and may intentionally does that off and on, which may not be considered as violence by her mother or other members of that family and thus such practice might continue to ruin the victims future. This is very much possible, since many acts are considered as socially accepted violence, such as spanking, and which are not considered as abusive violence, which according to the researchers an act which has a high potential for injuring the person being hit (Straus et al, 1980, pp. 21-22). The above state of affairs shows that there is much ambiguity in pinpointing family violence which in turn points at the fact that how difficult it could be to redress it or to eliminate its occurrence. This signifies the importance of spreading awareness about the damaging potential of family violence and promoting the adoption of behavioral processes that can effectively eliminate such occurrences in a family. For example, encouraging parents to abstain from using corporal punishment to their children could be a way to lessen the instances of child abuse – because the intention behind corporal punishment, i.e., to cause pain but not injury for purposes of coercion and control (Strauss et al., 1980) may be lost with raised temper and loss of control. In all, any injury has the potential to leave a scar on human mind and thus can considerably influence the actions of the victims, which may create further problems to the society. It is from this angle, the hidden niches of family violence need to be identified and redressed, and from that perspective, humans have to go through complex discussions and debates in way of finding its solution. It is not that family violence is a new phenomenon of the society, since instances of it are spread all over in the literature of all times, and earning several sobriquets in different periods, like battered child syndrome (Kempe et al., 1962), granny bashing (Burston, 1975) or battered woman (Walker, 1979). Therefore, it is the pressing lifestyle of modern times have given it some more dimensions and accordingly, the educated minds of modern times are trying to deeply investigate its root as well as its intrinsic effects on human mind. Consequently, the perception about family violence is also gradually changing, where the earlier concept of focusing on the violence on women, children as the potential victims is making way to a newer concept that includes all humans and considers any act detrimental to human development as family violence (Pleck, 1987). Conclusion The apparent complexity in defining or determining family is actually an outcome of the honest search of the researchers that has brought forth many hidden niches of family violence. This is the right process, because the more the mechanism of family becomes clear before all, the more humans will be able to eradicate it and move towards a prosperous and happy future. References American Academy of Family Physicians. (2009). Family and intimate partner violence and abuse. Retrieved July 19, 2009, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/policy/policies/f/familyandintimatepartner-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   violenceandabuse.html Burston, G. R. (1975). Granny battering. British Medical Journal, 3, 592. Kemple, C. H., Silverman, F. N., Steele, B. F., Droegemullar, W., and Silver, Hl. K.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (1962). The battered-child syndrome. Journal of the American Medical   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Association, 181, 105-112. Lau, J. T. F., Liu, J. L. Y., Tong, C. K., and Tan, P. M. E. H. (1999). Conceptualizations,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   reporting and under-reporting of child abuse in Hong Kong. Child Abuse   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Neglect, 23, 1159-1174 Lavesque, D. A., Velicer, W.F., Castle, P. H., and Greene, R. N. (2008). Violence against   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   women. Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 158-164. Pleck, E. (1987). Domestic tyranny: The making of social policy against family violence from colonical times to the present. New York: Oxford University Press. Straus, M. A., Gelles, R.J., and Steinmetz, S.K. (1980). Behind closed doors:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Violence in American families. Doubleday, NewYork. Walker, L. E. (1979). The battered woman. New York: Harer Colophon Books.

How Does Light Affect The Rate Of Photosynthesis? :: essays research papers

Biology Investigation Problem: How does light affect the rate of Photosynthesis? The Plan In my experiment I am going to see how light affects the rate of photosynthesis. To do this experiment I am going to set up the apparatus as shown in figure 1. The apparatus I am going to use are the following: - 1 Tripod 1 300ml Beaker 1 Boiling Tube 1 Clamp Stand 1Clamp 1 Boss 1 Ring Binder 1 Lamp 1 1 Metre Ruler 1 Thermometer 1 Stop Clock To do the experiment I will set up the apparatus first. I will firstly place the tripod on top of the base of the clamp stand and fill the 300ml beaker with 250ml of water to create the water bath. I will place the boss in the middle of the bar on the clamp stand and place the clamp in the boss. I would then fill the boiling tube 43ml of water, put the pondweed in it and place it in the clamp. I would place the ring binder around the clamp stand surrounding the water base. Finally, I would plug in the lamp and place it 10cm away from the pondweed. I done a preliminary experiment to get an idea how to do the main and proper experiment and what would happen in the experiment. In the preliminary experiment we didn’t use the safeguards so it wasn’t fair experiment. We did this because it gave us the idea what problems we might face when we did the main experiment and gave us the idea how to do it. The pondweed should create photosynthesis by the following equation: - 6CO2 + 6H2O  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6C6H12O6+ 6O2 Photosynthesis occurs when plants take in Carbon Dioxide from the surrounding air in its leaves and water from the nearby soil in its roots. The leaves then take light energy from the Sun, which is absorbed in the chlorophyll in the cells and passes it along for it to be used in photosynthesis. Glucose is produced and is converted into Starch to be stored. Oxygen is produced from the water and it is a waste product so it is released into the air. The plant uses Carbon Dioxide and water to create Carbohydrates. Glucose is a small, soluble molecule which is useless for a plant to use as energy but it converts it into Starch, which is a large and insoluble molecule, so it can be stored for to be converted back into Glucose. I made this experiment as fair as possible.

Steroid Pros and Cons

The effects of steroid use has been widely documented, especially in the past couple of years with all the high profiled athletes subjecting themselves to a tainted legacy because of the need to keep there competitive edge while there skills where slowly diminishing with age. Sending shock waves through the sports world and fans feeling disappointed and confused, athletes have been slowly coming out In the public eye for their past and current steroid abuse. These athletes have been emotionally distressed and this I imagine is extremely hard to adapt to and handle.But what bout the physical demographer bodies are enduring with these powerful anabolic drugs? This Is where a lot of different pollens come In to play, between the so-called experts and the self proclaimed experts. The so called experts being doctors and self proclaimed experts being â€Å"JUICERS† In the bodybuilding world. Some people would say â€Å"_Well look, he Is a doctor he must be right† _ and I woul d say that I rather take advice after a bad break up from a friend with the same experience than a happily married radio show love expert telling me what Is politically correct.But It Is very arid to argue science, which leads me to read up on many different articles from the other side. Rick Collins a writer for littleness. Com had a interesting article in 1999, that stated how the public was fooled by the physicians into thinking that steroids was not a performance enhancer and did not make people stronger. He then went on to say that congress, was more worried about making competitive sports pure and not so much on the actual health of steroid users. This being his own belief (not fact) says to me that he might be right.The United States of America has a way of gnashing athletes who use these drugs as criminals with huge penalties. This makes Rick Collins argument strong. Something that I also found pretty interesting was that the same physicians who said in the sass's that stero ids did not enhance ones performance retreated form that theory in the sass's. This left a bad taste in the sports communities mouths and made Doctors not look so bright. Where the physicians believed to be credible sources anymore? A majority of the sports and bodybuilding community said yes, they should be credible but Just not when it came to steroids.There is a large population of steroid users that believe the â€Å"JUICE† had a positive impact on their life. These feelings probably came from people who did the drug in proper dosages. But like anything, too much can be unhealthy. Example tanning, alcohol, sleeping and so on. What I feel bothers America about steroids Is not so much the health risks. Turn on a TV and flick through the channels. I would say you can probably come across something to do with steroids, but how much you want to bet It will be about a sports figure. Do the same thing on the Internet, Google steroids. Bet you won't get a story of a death due to steroids.Is It because there arena any stones on everyday people and steroids. No. I'm sure there Is someone who Is suffering from side effects from steroids. But who cares? It's truly about Integrity of competition. And I believe It Is truly blown out of proportion. I am so sick of seeing these ball players getting smashed through the media, getting critiqued on every little thing they say and do. When the concerns are not about health In the news It Is always about an athlete who â€Å"Cheated† -Always drama, I feel like newspapers and articles on two writers sitting on the other side of the fence on this topic.

Schematic Overview of the Purchasing Process - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3601 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 2.1 Introduction: Despite some authors (Constantino and Pellegrino, 2009; Ramsay and Wagner, 2009; Svahn and Westerlund, 2009), criticising that the purchasing function, as an issue, has received too little attention in the past and has yet to find a home in an existing academic discipline (Ramsay, 2001), Van Weele (2004), Collignon et al (2007), Zheng et al (2007) and Pressey et al (2009) argue that it is a too valuable unit that should not be disregarded. Bailey et al, (2008) and Chen and Paulraj (2004) both highlight that not only should purchasing have strategic importance, but it can have a proactive long-term focus. Bailey et al continue to argue that as attention to the purchasing function increases, the emphasis centres more on activities around the formation of long-term buyer-suppler relations and total cost reduction as opposed to simple ordering and replenishment routines. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Schematic Overview of the Purchasing Process" essay for you Create order 2.2 Schematic Overview of the Purchasing Process To highlight, develop, and help implement purchasing processes, Collignon et al (2007) present an overview (adapted in figure 2) that analyses the function at three separate levels within the organisation: strategic, tactical and operational. The rationale behind the model is that it draws attention to what purchasing activities (processes) could be found at differing levels of a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strategic direction. Ramsay and Croom (2008) note that higher inter-organisational status is usually associated with more strategically inclined activities, and questions why companies fail to recognise the purchasing functionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s contributions to strategic survival as some perceive purchasing to be largely tactical and operational. Despite this, Pressey et al (2009) declare that due to competitive pressures, many firms have in fact elevated the purchasing role into that of a strategic function. Figure 2.1: Schematic overview of the typical purchasing processes. Adapted from: Collignon et al (2007). Strategic Level Tactical Level Operational Level Long range planning. Long term impacts on competitive strategy. Purchasing research carried out. Responsibility of top-management. Cost reduction techniques. Direct supply policies for Commodities/segments. Medium term impacts. Expediting. Enquires/quotations/returns. Supplier performance measurement. Records and systems maintenance. In their study, Ramsay and Croom (2008) claim existing purchasing and supply literature embraces a widespread belief that the function has not attained the status it deserves. Throughout their paper, multiple references are made to Reck and Longà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1988) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"strategic evolution stages of the purchasing functionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, which is presented in appendix X. They use this model throughout to compare the influence of academic theory on practitioner behaviour. In their pilot study, Ramsay and Croom (2008:201) concluded that the top three activities that provide differing amounts of strategic contribution (from practitioner responses) were cost control, negotiation, and supplier selection. Linking to Reck and Longs (1988) evolution stages, they note that it is considerably at odds with the academic consensus; cost control appears lowest in this model, negotiation fails to appear and supplier selection is made reference to at the lowest evolution stage of purchasing. Exactly why this divergence occurs is not answered by Ramsay and Croom, but is left open to further investigation, concluding that such purchasing development models are mostly unhelpful. In a direct response to Ramsay and Croom (2008), Rozemeijer (2008) stresses the opinion of the relevance of purchasing development models emphasising the usefulness of them to classify organisations positions, and providing directions for possible strategic changes. In addition to this, Rozemeijer further rejects the observation that professionals and academics regard purchasing as solely a strategic activity and instead asserts that operational activities are in fact at the core of the function and that they can also play a crucial role in realising competitive advantage through closer relations. Rozemeijer (2008) further questions the validity of Ramsay and Croomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (2008)methodology, believing a sample size of twenty-one professionals personally known to the authors may present bias in participants trying to provide answers that match the researcherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s beliefs. Taking this into account Ramsay and Croom justify themselves by omitting any mention of the aim of the study. Nevertheless, Rozemeijer (2008) does note that the simplicity of the purchasing development models may contradict the complexities in a change process, and that they are guides, rather than substitutes, for strategic thinking. Consequently then, determining how to classify and select suppliers to examine the divergence mentioned previously (Ramsay and Croom, 2008), is likely to be a valid issue to investigate and through the use of Kraljicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1983) purchasing portfolio matrix, this can be analysed. 2.3 The Purchasing Portfolio Matrix In 1983, the Harvard Business Review published Peter Kraljicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Purchasing Must Become Supply Managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ article. In this paper, Kraljic presents his à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"purchasing portfolioà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ with an aim to allow purchasing functions to categorise products (and suppliers) to offer distinct purchasing strategies for each of these classifications. The main premise of Kraljicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model is to reduce supply risk, profit impact and use any potential buying power that a purchasing firm may have over suppliers (Kraljic, 1983; Dubois and Pedersen, 2002; Gelderman and Van Weele, 2003; CaniÃÆ' «ls and Gelderman, 2007; Pagell et al 2010). The model itself (fig 2.1) is based on the dimensions supply risk and profit impact, resulting in four separate quadrants: strategic items, leverage items, bottleneck items, and non-strategic items. Fundamental to this initiative, is the idea that as suppliers are characterised by different interests to the company (Van Weele, 2004), purchasing functions should implement a variation of strategies towards supply markets aiming for increases of efficiency within purchasing processes (Kraljic, 1983:112, Van Assen et al, 2009:145). The adaptation of the Kraljic (1983) matrix in figure 2.1 contains each of the suggested strategies as well as brief descriptions of what allows products to be classified in to the quadrants. Table X in appendix X shows a more detailed criterion. Leverage Items Many alternative sources of supply Product or service substitution possible Largely buyer dominated Strategy: Competitive Bidding Exploit Purchasing Power Non-Strategic Items Large product variety Many suppliers/buyers/alternatives Logistically and labour intensive Little dominance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" high independence Strategy: Optimise inventory (reduce number of suppliers) Bottleneck Items Some alternatives exist Few suppliers High Switching costs Largely supplier dominated Strategy: Secure supply and search for alternatives Strategic Items Large share of costs Very few suppliers Few (if any) substitutes Strategy: (If supplier has power) Seek long-term partnerships. (If buyer has power) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" exploit power through cost reductions/ reduce inventory levels. Supply Risk Profit / financial impact Low High High Figure 2.2 The Purchasing Portfolio Matrix Adapted from Kraljic (1983) 2.3.1 The Four Quadrants Non-Strategic Quadrant The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"non-strategicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ quadrant of Kraljicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1983) matrix is largely represented as items having both low profit impacts and supply risks, with an abundance of potential suppliers and alternative products. Van Weele (2004) remarks that these items are routine in nature: providing few technical or commercial risks. Because of this, Van Weele (2004) further highlights that neither actor will dominate the relationship as switching between suppliers is likely to involve few costs and barriers. As such the buyer-supplier relationship is somewhat independent of each other. Van Assen et al (2009) and Van Weele (2004) argue that because such products can represent high volumes of purchases, managing these is labour intensive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" with around 80% of a purchasers time spent on these products (Van Weele, 2004:151). Therefore, Kraljic (1983), Van Assen et al (2009) and Pagell et al (2010) suggest that the purchasing strategy used in this case is to optimise inventory through increasing efficiency and reducing the number of suppliers into fewer transactions. Leverage Quadrant The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"leverageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ quadrant has low supply risk, but high profit impact, and obtainable from multiple sources (Kraljic, 1983). Van Weele (2004) notes that because these represent sizeable amounts of final costing, the strategy of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"exploit powerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ could force competitive bidding where suppliers compete for custom with offers of quantity and quality discounts, which CaniÃÆ' «ls and Gelderman (2007) state, is the exploitation of power, and assert that for such products, long-term contracts are not needed as buyers should search and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"spotà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ purchase. Van Weele (2004) mentions however, that prolonged abuse of this power could lead to supplier cooperation, resulting in price fixing and even cartels (both illegal). Bottleneck Quadrant The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"bottleneckà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ quadrant is defined as consisting of items that have high supply risks, low profit impacts, and are characterised by few alternative suppliers and high potential switching costs (Kraljic, 1983). In general, bottleneck items are vulnerable in terms of their supply and can cause significant problems and risks (Gelderman and Van Weele, 2003). As such, this quadrant is largely supplier dominated (Van Weele, 2004) and Kraljicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1983:112) strategy is to reduce dependence upon suppliers through securing supplies of these products and to search for alternatives. Strategic Quadrant The final quadrant is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"strategicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and has both high supply risks and profit impacts. Such products are likely to be highly customised with no alternatives, represent large specific investments, and incur high switching costs, making a change of supplier unattractive (Kraljic, 1983). As a result, Kraljic (1983) suggests long-term partnerships should be sought and highlights that in this quadrant, there are three possible scenarios in terms of who dominates the purchase. In buyer-dominated situations, Kraljic (1983) suggests the organisation exploits the situation through forcing price advantages, and inventory level reductions. Narayandas and Rangan (2004) however argue that firms will only engage in an exchange as long as the dominating firm is perceived as fair and as such may tolerate small measures of opportunism and exploitation. Conversely, Van Weele (2004) suggests that in supplier-dominated situations, the buyer will be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"locked-inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ a relationship and should accept conditions imposed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" even if the firm seems to behave opportunistically by for example holding up resources after making specific investments. Kraljc (1983) suggests that organisations should always look for alternatives, reduce dependence on such products, or consider vertical integration. The final scenario occurs when neither partner is in a dominating position. As such there exists a mutual interest a balanced relationship, which may develop over time into more of a partnership (Van Weele, 2004). 2.3.2 Critique Developments of the Matrix Despite Kraljicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1983) matrix receiving much attention and largely being recognised as the most dominant and seminal approach in the area (Dubois and Pedersen, 2002; Gelderman and Van Weele, 2003; CaniÃÆ' «ls and Gelderman, 2005; Svahn and Westerlund, 2009; Pagell et al, 2010), it has still encountered much criticism. Dubois and Pedersen (2002) and Gelderman and Van Weele (2005) question how complex business decisions can be based on such simple classifications and recommendations, where the two dimensions of the matrix may not represent the best parameters for the many associated variables. Gelderman and Van Weele (2005) continue to highlight that classification of products is largely subjective, and that mismatches with how buyers perceive its interactions with suppliers may prevent optimal strategies being implemented à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the classifications are subjected to emotional and relational aspects of the purchaser (Van Assen et al, 2009). Gelderman and Van Weeleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s study notes that experienced users of the portfolio respond to such critiques through acknowledging the application of the model follows no set blueprint. The process involves critical thinking and commitment of the purchasing function. Further to this, firms that find willingness to implement these changes are often blocked by the ability to because of lack of commitment or power of the supplier (Casciaro and Piskorski, 2005). Purchasing portfolios have also been subject to adaptations. Based on their research, Pagell et al (2010) observed that some organisations used Kraljicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1983) portfolio in unexpected ways purchasing functions were adopting strategic strategies for leverage items, such that firms were entering long-term agreements à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" contrary to the suggested strategy. Pagell et al (2010), through induction, put forward an adapted purchasing model (figure X appendix X). This sees the leverage quadrant split into true, transitional and strategic commodities. Whereas true commodities retain the characteristics of leverage products, strategic commodities contain noneconomic features that can be leveraged long-term. Between these two, lay transitional commodities, where shifts in information symmetry cause some products to become more strategically inclined requiring temporary changes of strategy (Pagell et al, 2010). However, it is crucial to note that the original study of Pagell et al (2010), was not intended to adapt the matrix, it was an unexpected conclusion, and that because the conclusions are fairly recent, it has yet to studied and scrutinised further. For this work and to fulfil the aims, it is likely that this adapted model should not be used until more research and critique is published. A final point to be made is the relationship that the matrix seems to share with power and dependence. Despite not explicitly dealing with power issues, Kraljicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1983) fundamental assumption is that differences in power and dependence exist in supplier-buyer relationships (Dubois and Pedersen, 2002: 37; CaniÃÆ' «ls and Gelderman, 2007:219). Some of Kraljicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s recommendations and strategies clearly refer to the power arrangement, for example, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"exploit powerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in leverage strategies. Power and dependence may play a significant role in the approach and could be factors that affect the choices of purchasing strategy (CaniÃÆ' «ls and Gelderman, 2007). As such, to further explore supplier-buyer relations, it could be necessary to understand power differences and how they may interact with the purchasing functionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decisions. 2.4 Power and Dependence The best way to deal with suppliers, and what is appropriate for how buyers should behave power and leverage situations is surrounded by considerable debate (Cox, 2004). Emersonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1963) theory on power-dependence relations is largely explored by the works of Pfeffer and Salancik (1977) and Pfeffer (1981). The basic consensus of these contributions is that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“power resides implicitly in the otherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dependencyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Emerson, 1963: 32). For example, Emerson highlights that the power (P) of actor A, is directly equal the dependence (D) that actor B has upon A and vice-versa, such that: Pab = Dba Pba = Dab Emerson (1963) explains both above scenarios are unbalanced (one actor is power-advantaged over the other). However, when interdependence between the two is high, the relationship is balanced, such that: Pab = Dba Pba = Dab It is important to note however, that this theory is anchored largely from researching into the exchanges of small groups (Emerson, 1963:32), so should be considered when as exchanges between organisations are likely to be more complex. Emerson (1963) tries to deal with this limitation through emphasising that the above formulations have been worded so that they could be applicable in many types of situations. Discussing the links between power and dependence in relationships is likely to be an issue that may provide a more critical view. Through assessing power, it may be able to show how purchasing strategies are influenced by the potential power, or lack of power that a firm may hold. 2.4.1 Resource Dependency Theory According to Pfeffer and Salancik (1977), power is simply the ability to get something done the way in which they are wanted to be done. In addition to this, they observe that power actually derives from activities and processes rather than individuals, further arguing that power revolves around scarce and critical resources; often resulting in power struggles to obtain them. Actors will try to use their à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"powerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to gain access to scarce resources, and enforce little power when resources are abundant à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this is essentially what Pfeffer and Salancik (1978) call à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Resource Dependency Theoryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (RDT). Pfeffer (1982) explains that organisations are rarely self-sufficient, needing resources from the external environment, consequently, becoming interdependent on the external environment. This is important to consider in RDT as this interdependence can affect an organisations ability to get what it needs and even survive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this is basically the fundamental assumption of RDT (NienhÃÆ' ¼ser, 2008). NienhÃÆ' ¼ser (2008) acknowledges that within RDT, resources which concern power can differ significantly between firms. Furthermore, Hillman et al (2009) believe that areas of political actions in RDT (power structures) are less frequently explained than they should be, to better understand how power affects the internals of an organisation. In addition to this, Hillman et al highlight their concerns over the lack of recent theoretical interest in RDT, arguing that there are more opportunities for further development and application. Despite these issues, NienhÃÆ' ¼ser (2008) and Hillman et al (2009) agree that RDT is a well established topic significantly contributing towards explaining organisation behaviour and structure. 2.4.2 Power and Dependence in Kraljicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Matrix As highlighted, Kraljicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1983) matrix does not explicitly deal with power issues, it is clear they are taken as assumptions in the suggested purchasing strategies (Dubois and Pedersen, 2002: 37; CaniÃÆ' «ls and Gelderman, 2007:219). Through linking the issues of power and dependence, and RDT to the matrix, it may be able to illustrate more explicitly the role of power in the formation of purchasing strategies, thus, be useful in assessing what influences supplier-buyer relationships. Firms, to varying extents, all depend on their trading partners (CaniÃÆ' «ls and Gelderman 2005; 2007), and the partner that is most independent, is likely to dominate an exchange. CaniÃÆ' «ls and Gelderman (2007) discuss that asymmetric relations are deficient as the power-advantaged actor (most independent), may be tempted to exploit. On the other hand, they also acknowledge that unbalanced relations do not always involve power misuse. Differences may promote effective coordination and integration, legitimising the balance of power over time. In CaniÃÆ' «ls and Geldermanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (2007) study, they sampled 250 purchasing professionals testing their hypotheses (table X appendix X) based on Kraljicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1983) model to identify if the theoretical power issues are found in practice. They concluded that generally, the relative power they expected to see based on the quadrants in the matrix, were observed (table 2.1), albeit with one noticeable difference. The expectation of CaniÃÆ' «ls and Gelderman (2007) to find à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"balancedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ relative power in the strategic quadrant did not materialise. Instead they found that it was supplier dominated and emphasize that it is possible for buyers to feel dominated by suppliers in balanced and satisfactory relationships. They conclude by arguing that situations in which buyers feel dominated, but are satisfied, are desirable as the buyer will not search for alternative products / suppliers. Source: CaniÃÆ' «ls and Gelderman (2007:227) Table 2.1: Comparison of relative power and total interdependence in the Kraljic matrix Relative power Total interdependence Expected Observed Expected Strategic Balanced Supplier Dominance Highest Bottleneck Supplier Dominance Supplier Dominance Moderate Leverage Buyer Dominance Buyer Dominance Moderate Non-Strategic Balanced Balanced Lowest It should be noted however, that CaniÃÆ' «ls and Geldermanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (2007) study was subject to limitations. The initial survey was confined to buyer perspectives, acknowledging that suppliers may have differing views on power and dependence. As discussed, what is appropriate for a purchasing strategy depends on the power and leverage circumstance (Cox, 2004). To understand the basic elements of understanding power and leverage situations, Cox (2004) presents a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"power-matrixà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (figure 2.3). Similar to Kraljicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s matrix, it provides four quadrants on two dimensions (attributes to supplier power, and attributes to buyer power). Coxà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model is useful in aiding to establish what basic features actually contribute towards making a resource or supplier dominant or power-(dis)advantaged. LOW BUYER DOMINANCE () Few buyers/many suppliers Buyers have high % share of total market for supplier Supplier is highly dependent on buyer for revenue with few alternatives. Supplierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s switching costs are high Buyerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s switching costs are low Buyerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s account is attractive to supplier Supplierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s offering is a standardised commodity Buyerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s search costs are low Supplier has no information asymmetry advantages over buyer INTERDEPENDENCE (=) Few buyers/few suppliers Buyer has relatively high % share of total market for supplier Supplier is highly dependent on buyer for revenue with few alternatives Supplierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s switching costs are high Buyerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s switching costs are high Buyerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s account is attractive to supplier Supplierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s offering is relatively unique Buyerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s search costs are high Supplier has moderate information asymmetry advantages over buyer. SUPPLIER DOMINANCE () Many buyers/few suppliers Buyer has low % share of total market for supplier Supplier has no dependence on buyer for revenue and has many alternatives Supplierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s switching costs are low Buyerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s switching costs are high Buyerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s account is not attractive to supplier Supplierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s offering is a relatively unique Buyerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s search costs are very high Supplier has substantial information asymmetry advantages over buyer INDEPENDENCE (0) Many buyers/many suppliers Buyers has low % share of total market for supplier Supplier has little dependence on buyer for revenue with many alternatives. Supplierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s switching costs are low Buyerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s switching costs are low Buyerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s account is not attractive to supplier Supplierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s offering is a standardised commodity Buyerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s search costs are low Supplier has no information asymmetry advantages over buyer ATTRIBUTES TO SUPPLIER POWER RELATIVE TO BUYER LOW HIGH HIGH ATTRIBUTES TO BUYER POWER RELATIVE TO SUPPLIER Figure 2.3: The Power Matrix Source: Cox (2004:352) While not making any references to the Kraljic matrix, it is useful to observe the similarities between Coxà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (2004) model. Where each of the item quadrants are found in Kraljicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s matrix, it appears in Coxà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s power matrix that they link directly, for example, non-strategic items are associated with balanced power and independent (see figure 2.1 and table 2.1). The same quadrant on the power matrix discusses the elements that could make relationships independent. Such links can be found across all quadrants. 2.5 Conclusion The literature shows that the role of purchasing has developed and finding adequate purchasing strategies could be considered of strategic importance. The literature presented, including the Kraljic Matrix (1983), Resource Dependence Theory, and the Power Matrix (Cox, 2004), provide insights on what influences the formulation of these strategies. The models and theories generally link well together, possibly allowing a more in-depth approach, taking into account multiple perspectives. In terms of the main objectives of this work, these linkages across frameworks should be able to help recognise the aspects of what affects buyer-supplier relationships. Even though, as discussed, there may have been too little attention paid to the purchasing function, contributions and developments from authors such as discussed provided interest to practitioners and academics. As Ramsay and Croom (2008) highlighted in their study, there seems to be some divergence in what is expected from purchasing literature, and what happens in practice. Looking at this, through combing the models and theories could provide a genuine contribution to the field. (3,173) DR14 DR40 DR41 DR38 DR42 DR43 DR22 DR30 DR27 DR28 DR29 DR34 DR31 DR16 DR20 DR21 DR32 DR37 DR33 DR11 DR7 DR9 DR5 DR34 DR15 DR39