Illegal Immigration Essays - 1289 Words

Illegal Immigration and Health Care With the economy of the United States in shambles, illegal immigration and the effects it has on health care can no longer be ignored. America has a whole needs to be concerned and well informed of the issues rather than collecting information piecemeal by way of media or other biased groups. If illegal immigration stays its present course the American tax-payer will continue to fund the well being of individuals who have broken federal rules and regulations and are being supported by law abiding citizens. This argument is not about individual rights to live and prosper. It is not about race or discrimination of any sort. It is only about the effects on health care that I am addressing.†¦show more content†¦That newspaper discovered in a poll that new citizens of Latin America ancestry favored the Democratic Party by a margin or more than eight in ten. (Reimers 106) The opposition sees it differently. They see it from the human rights issue. In fact Dudley goes so far to say, â€Å"We should reward those who, like our own parents and our grandparents, managed to overcome many obstacles to enter this country and make it the great place that it is† (38). Any person that manages to get into a foreign country by illegal means is going to have to go through obstacles. That’s a given. What other country would tolerate this behavior? If I were go to France, sneak through customs, and start working with or without falsified documents, should I be rewarded? Of course I wouldn’t. Dudley tries to compare illegal immigrants to our grandparents who were funneled through Ellis Island and documented. It is actually a slap in the face to them as well as all the other Mexican immigrants who legally went through the system for resident status and citizenship. The opposition will continue to argue along the lines of basic human rights. They argue that â€Å"the main reason people move is to seek or take advantage of opportunities for improvement of their condition or career prospects† (Gibney 8). IShow MoreRelatedIllegal Immigration 1280 Words   |  6 PagesIllegal immigration has been a source of mounting concern in the United States since the 1970’s. Statistics indicate that the past ten years have witnessed an increase in the number of illegal immigrants with the number estimated to increase in the future. â€Å"The percentage of illegal immigrant population from Mexico was 59% (or 6.8 million) as of January 2013. Other countries with large amounts are El Salvador (660,000) Guatemala (52000), Hondorous (380,000) and China (280,000)† (Infoplease 1). TheRead MoreIllegal immigration2120 Words   |  9 PagesAlien Invasion Illegal immigration is widespread throughout the United States. There are 12 million or more illegal aliens in the United States, this number continues to rise (Swartz). This influx of illegal immigrants causes jobless Americans to lose out on opportunities. Employers choose to pay illegal immigrants lower wages than American workers. Is it right to pay illegal immigrants less than Americans to do the same job? Should the illegal immigrants be deported? Should border control be increasedRead MoreIllegal Immigration1753 Words   |  8 PagesIllegal Immigration The Economy of Illegal Immigration The Economy of Illegal Immigration Americans on a daily basis are bombarded with broadcasts from newspapers, television, and special interest groups on the economic burdens created by illegal immigrants. Reports and statistics of growing state and local deficits; is it fact or fiction? In reality, undocumented Mexicans are necessary to the health of our economy. They provide a workforce in agriculture they keep the costs down; theyRead MoreIllegal Immigration598 Words   |  3 Pagesl ARTICLE ON ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION Migration has always represented an important factor in society’s development. Ever since ancient times, people have been travelling around the world, some staying only for a while, some choosing to set (A SE STABILI) in certain areas, getting married and starting a family with a local partner. Consequently, cultures and languages mixed and this is how powerful nations like England, The USA, Germany were born. This phenomenon of migration also takes place nowadaysRead MoreIllegal Immigration1709 Words   |  7 PagesIllegal Immigration: The Undocumented Issue In this paper I will discuss one of the biggest issues in the United States: Illegal immigrants. Some may say that illegal immigration has a positive impact on the United States’ economy, and some think that these undocumented immigrants affect jobs and wages of people that are living in this country. I think that illegal immigrants harm the United States’ economy through their use of our country’s social services such as health care, education andRead MoreIllegal Immigration : Illegal Immigrants949 Words   |  4 PagesIllegal immigrants have been a hot topic lately due to the popularity of this topic amongst the Republican Presidential Nominees, especially Donald Trump. These illegal immigrants bring various things to this country when they come. Some things are positive, such as a family simply seeking to find a better life, while some things are harmful to the United States, such as the amount of crime among illegal immigrants. In July 2015, the most recen t estimate of illegal immigrants was 11.2 million. ThisRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1286 Words   |  6 Pages Undocumented Immigration An analysis of illegal immigration in the United States reveals one challenge facing the banks and other institutions: whether to provide banking and other services to the illegal immigrants or to treat them as criminals because they are illegal and therefore, not to provide them with banking and other services. The articles, â€Å"Crossing the Line† by Stein and â€Å"Illegal Immigrants – They’re Money,† by Rodriguez discuss the impact of illegal immigration in the United StatesRead MoreIllegal Immigration And Illegal Immigrants1335 Words   |  6 PagesIllegal immigration has been one of the main topics during the last three presidential election. Many bills and laws have been passed in order to keep them out but is it really necessary to neglect illegal immigrant? Most Americans believe that illegal immigrants are only people of Mexicans or Latin American descent but illegal immigrants can be from any race or country. Illegal immigration is defined by United States Department of Homeland Security as â€Å"†¦ all foreign-born non-citizens who are notRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration964 Words   |  4 PagesA. Attention Step (quotation, question, or story) About four months ago in government class, we had a class discussion. The topic was illegal immigration. One student said that America should send the illegal immigrants back to their country because they are taking American’s jobs. He stated that he would send his dad back to Mexico because he is an illegal immigrant. Going around the circle that we created, everyone gave their opinions, most disagreed, but some agreed with the student. When itRead MoreIllegal Immigrants : Illegal Immigration1155 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Illegal Immigration is a huge topic especially in 2017, bringing in different aspects about illegal immigrants. Illegal immigrants are told to be killers, drug dealers, job stealers and whom also hurt the U.S. economy. Is this true? Could it possibly be that they do all of this to hurt the United States? Or could it be that they truly come here for the American Dream? On one side of people’s perspectives illegal immigrants come here to help provide for their family and don’t take

Principles and Function of Management - 1618 Words

Out line: This assessment will look at the Principles and Functions of Management. Which mentions there is a difference between what a manager should do and what they actually do? According to many writers observation. Subsequently, I will comment by usage of my own knowledge of management theories and concepts. Further more, it is based on an experience and press stuffs. Due to main discussions, my assessment can be divided into following paragraph: I. Introduction In this order I will define: - What is a manager? - Why do we need the management? - Theories management: X and Y - Levels of management II. Presentation In this case I am going to explain: - What a management should do? - What they actually do? - How come there†¦show more content†¦These things will determine how will be the organization if they have a good management in organizing. The junior managers are likely to spend their time doing an operational job, however do not know if it is their exact role; therefore, depending on it and the size of the unit, a greater or lesser proportion of their time will be spent on supervision, training and involvement with others managers in the organization. To follow and do exactly what they should, they need to keep up to date by attend training sessions or on a quality assurance committee or have regular briefing meetings with their line manager. As can be seen, what their actually do is not different at all but they concern with each others. Although, they should not spend their time on these activities much because it wastes their time which can be use for managing their teams, direct it to get the best result. This case can be seen in the negative view that they are all d oing differently from the actual role, it could change the structure of the organization leads to the policies to develop could affect the organization. The middle managers will have much less of an operational role and will spend most of the time on management. Organizing, controlling and planning are the main elements of the work, despite the real main part of their job are supervision. According to their presentShow MoreRelatedEssay on Principles And Function Of Management1624 Words   |  7 PagesOut line: This assessment will look at the Principles and Functions of Management. Which mentions there is a difference between what a manager should do and what they actually do? According to many writers observation. Subsequently, I will comment by usage of my own knowledge of management theories and concepts. Further more, it is based on an experience and press stuffs. Due to main discussions, my assessment can be divided into following paragraph: I. Introduction In this order I willRead MoreImportance of Management Functions and Principles943 Words   |  4 PagesManagement is the coordination and oversight of the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively. In order to carry out those responsibilities, management requires the application of several important functions, skills and roles to carry out the necessary activities in the organization effectively and efficiently. Effectively meaning doing things right so that the organizational goals can be attained and efficiently meaning getting the most output fromRead MoreImportance of Management Functions and Principles955 Words   |  4 PagesManagement is the coordination and oversight of the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively. In order to carry out those responsibilities, management requires the application of several important functions, skills and roles to carry out the necess ary activities in the organization effectively and efficiently. Effectively meaning doing things right so that the organizational goals can be attained and efficiently meaning getting the most output fromRead MoreFour Principles Of Management : The Four Functions Of Management937 Words   |  4 Pages The Four Functions of Management There are four functions of management: planning, organizing, leading and controlling. The four basic principles of management found in all businesses and corporations. Management is a process designed to achieve an organizations objectives by using its resources effectively and efficiently in a changing environment. Planning the process of determining the organizations objectives and deciding how to accomplish them. The planning of a business includesRead MoreMajor Four Functions Dealing With The Principles Of Management Essay943 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction This paper will cover the major four functions dealing with the principles of management. Which are: â€Å"Planning, Organizing, Leading and Controlling,† and what each of these functions requires. I have learned that it is very important that a manager understands each one of these management components which allows one the power to navigate through numerous procedural, interpersonal, and structural challenges in the process of guiding one s team to the completion of goals that have beenRead More Henry Fayols Organizational and Management Theory Essay1693 Words   |  7 Pages There are many theories that have been developed by scholars to explain the principles and practice of management. Some of these theorists include: Henry Fayol; and Mintzberg among others. Henry Fayol is believed to be the first scholar to develop the management theory. Other scholars developed their theories based on the weakness of Henry Fayol’s theory of management (Thomson 2004). Henry Fayol is a scholar of French national and was born in 1841. The scholar Fayol was born at the cuspRead MoreContemporary Management1199 Words   |  5 PagesIRHR1001- Essay The Primary Article is: Carroll, S. and Gillen, D. (1987) Are the Classical Management Functions Useful in Describing Managerial Work? Academy of Management Review 12(1), pp. 38-51. The essay will endeavor to provide an insight into how Fayol’s basic principles of Classical Management Functions are indeed useful in describing managerial work. In the last (20th) century, the role of managers in business becomes more diverse as the number of tasks in which businesses were involvedRead MoreNature, Scope and Role of Managers1026 Words   |  5 PagesNature, Scope And Role Of Managers Management Definition, Nature, Scope And Role Of Managers Presented By Group No. 1 (Stephen Covey) Member’s Name:- ATUL MISHRA (COORDINATOR) SANGHARSH KUMAR RAJEEV KR. SHARMA SHAILENDRA RAKESH SINGH CHANDEL 6. JEETENDRA RAI OBJECTIVES:- : OBJECTIVES:- After this presentation you will be able to define – Management Nature of Management Scope of Management Functions Of Management Role Of Managers About Stephen Covey : About Stephen Covey Birth- StephenRead MoreClassical Management Theorists1342 Words   |  6 Pagesclassical management movement. The classical approach was the framework to what management is all about. Therefore it can be said that they laid the foundation for many theorists. Frederick Taylor was an important theorist of the early 20th century and he made many important contributions to management. He proposed the principles of scientific management which he believed would improve industrial efficiency. He believed management could be formulated as a discipline. Taylor’s principles of scientificRead MoreHenri Fayol S Six Function Of Managemen668 Words   |  3 Pagesconsidered to be the 14 most important principles of management.essentially,these explained how manager should organize and Interact with staff. In 1916,two years before he stepped down as director,he published his â€Å"14 principle of management†in the book†administration industrielle et generale.†fayol alos created a list of the six primary functions of managenment,which go hand in hand with the principle. â€Å"Fayol 14 principle† was one of the earliuest theories of management to be create,and remains,one of

Apush Notes Free Essays

1. The Shaping of North America 1. Recorded history began 6,000 years ago. We will write a custom essay sample on Apush Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was 500 years ago that Europeans set foot on the Americas to begin the era of accurately recorded history on the continent. 2. The theory of â€Å"Pangaea† exists suggesting that the continents were once nestled together into one mega-continent. The continents then spread out as drifting islands. 3. Geologic forces of continental plates created the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains. 4. The Great Ice Age thrust down over North America and scoured the present day American Midwest. 2. Peopling the Americas 1. The â€Å"Land Bridge† theory†¦ 1. As the Great Ice Age diminished, so did the glaciers over North America. 2. The theory holds that a â€Å"Land Bridge† emerged linking Asia North America across what’s today the Bering Sea. People were said to have walked across the â€Å"bridge† before the sea level rose and sealed it off and thus populated the Americas. 2. The Land Bridge is suggested as occurring an estimated 35,000 years ago. 3. Many peoples emerged†¦ 1. Those groups that traversed the land bridge spread across North, Central, and South America. 2. Countless tribes emerged with an estimated 2,000 languages. Notably†¦ 1. Incas – Peru, with elaborate network of roads and bridges linking their empire. 2. Mayas – Yucatan Peninsula, with their step pyramids. 3. Aztecs – Mexico, with step pyramids and huge sacrifices of conquered peoples. 3. The Earliest Americans 1. Development of corn or â€Å"maize† around 5,000 B. C. in Mexico was revolutionary in that†¦ 1. Then, people didn’t have to be hunter-gatherers, they could settle down and be farmers. 2. This fact gave rise to towns and then cities. 3. Corn arrived in the present day U. S. around 1,200 B. C. 2. Pueblo Indians 1. The Pueblos were the 1st American corn growers. 2. They lived in adobe houses (dried mud) and pueblos (â€Å"villages† in Spanish). Pueblos are villages of cubicle shaped adobe houses, stacked one on top the other and often beneath cliffs. 3. They had elaborate irrigation systems to draw water away from rivers to grown corn. 3. Mound Builders 1. These people built huge ceremonial and burial mounds and were located in the Ohio Valley. 2. Cahokia, near East St. Louis today, held 40,000 people. 4. Eastern Indians 1. Eastern Indians grew corn, beans, and squash in â€Å"three sister† farming†¦ 1. Corn grew in a stalk providing a trellis for beans, beans grew up the stalk, squash’s broad leaves kept the sun off the ground and thus kept the moisture in the soil. 2. This group likely had the best (most diverse) diet of all North American Indians and is typified by the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw (South) and Iroquois (North). 5. Iroquois Confederation 1. Hiawatha was the legendary leader of the group. 2. The Iroquois Confederation was a group of 5 tribes in New York state. 3. They were matrilineal as authority and possessions passed down through the female line. 4. Each tribe kept their independence, but met occasionally to discuss matters of common interest, like war/defense. 5. This was not the norm. Usually, Indians were scattered and separated (and thus weak). 6. Native Americans had a very different view of things as compared to Europeans. 1. Native Americans felt no man owned the land, the tribe died. (Europeans liked private property) 2. Indians felt nature was mixed with many spirits. (Europeans were Christian and monotheistic) 3. Indians felt nature was sacred. (Europeans believed nature and land was given to man by God in Genesis to be subdued and put to use). . Indians had little or no concept or interest in money. (Europeans loved money or gold) 4. Indirect Discoverers of the New World 1. The 1st Europeans to come to America were the Norse (Vikings from Norway). 1. Around 1,000 A. D. , the Vikings landed, led by Erik the Red and Leif Erikson. 2. They landed in â€Å"Newfoundland† or â€Å"Vinland† (due to all of the vines). 3. However, these men left America and left no written record and therefore didn’t get the credit. 4. The only record is found in Viking sagas or songs. 2. The Christian Crusaders of Middle Ages fought in Palestine to regain the Holy Land from Muslims. This mixing of East and West created a sweet-tooth where Europeans wanted the spices of the exotic East. 5. Europeans Enter Africa This content copyright  © 2010 by WikiNotes. wikidot. com 1. Marco Polo traveled to China and stirred up a storm of European interest. 2. Mixed with desire for spices, an East to West (Asia to Europe) trade flourished but had to be overland, at least in part. This initiated new exploration down around Africa in hopes of an easier (all water) route. 3. Portugal literally started a sailing school to find better ways to get to the â€Å"Spice Islands,† eventually rounding Africa’s southern Cape of Good Hope. . New developments emerged†¦ 1. caravel – a ship with triangular sail that could better tack (zig-zag) ahead into the wind and thus return to Europe from the Africa coast. 2. compass – to determine direction. 3. astrolabe – a sextant gizmo that could tell a ship’s latitude. 5. Slave trade begins 1. Slavery was initially race-independent. A slave was whoever lost in battle. Usually, slaves came from the Slavic regions of Europe, hence the name. 2. The first African slave trade was across the Sahara Desert. 3. Later, it was along the West African coast. Slave traders purposely busted up tribes and families in order to squelch any possible uprising. 4. Slaves wound up on sugar plantations the Portuguese had set up on the tropical islands off of Africa’s coast. 5. Spain watched Portugal’s success with exploration and slaving with envy and wanted a piece of the pie. 6. Columbus Comes upon a New World 1. Columbus convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to fund his expedition. 2. His goal was to reach the East (East Indies) by sailing west, thus bypassing the around-Africa route that Portugal monopolized. 3. He misjudged the size of the Earth though, thinking it 1/3 the size of what it was. 4. So, after 30 days or so at sea, when he struck land, he assumed he’d made it to the East Indies and therefore mistook the people as â€Å"Indians. † 5. This spawned the following system†¦ 1. Europe would provide the market, capital, technology. 2. Africa would provide the labor. 3. The New World would provide the raw materials of gold, soil, and lumber. 7. When Worlds Collide 1. Of huge importance was the biological flip-flop of Old and New Worlds. Simply put, it was a trade of life such as plants, foods, animals, germs. . From the New World (America) to the Old 1. corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, peppers, manioc, pumpkin, squash, tomato, wild rice, etc. 2. also, syphilis 3. From Old World to the New 1. cows, pigs, horses, wheat, sugar cane, apples, cabbage, citrus, carrots, Kentucky bluegrass, etc. 2. devastating diseases – smallpox, yellow fever, malaria as Indians had no immunities. 1. The Indians had no immunities in their systems built up over generations. 2. An estimated 90% of all pre-Columbus Indians died, mostly due to disease. 8. The Spanish Conquistadores 1. Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 – Portugal and Spain feuded over who got what land. The Pope drew this line as he was respected by both. 1. The line ran North-South, and chopped off the Brazilian coast of South America 2. Portugal got everything east of the line (Brazil and land around/under Africa) 3. Spain got everything west of the line (which turned out to be much more, though they didn’t know it at the time) 2. Conquistadores is Spanish â€Å"conquerors†. 1. Vasco Balboa – â€Å"discovered† the Pacific Ocean across the isthmus of Panama. 2. Ferdinand Magellan – circumnavigated the globe (he was the first to do so). . Ponce de Leon – touches and names Florida looking for legendary â€Å"Fountain of Youth†. 4. Hernando Cortes – enters Florida, travels up into present day Southeastern U. S. , dies and is â€Å"buried† in Mississippi River, 5. Francisco Pizarro – conquers Incan Empire of Peru and begins shipping tons of gold/silver back to Spain. This huge influx of precious metals made European prices skyrocket (inflation). 6. Francisco Coronado – ventured into current Southwest U. S. looking for legendary Cibola, city of gold. He found the Pueblo Indians. 3. Encomienda system established 1. Indians were â€Å"commended† or given to Spanish landlords 2. The idealistic theory of the encomienda was that Indians would work on the farm and be converted to Christianity. But it was basically just slavery on a sugar plantation guised as missionary work. 9. The Conquest of Mexico 1. Hernando Cortez conquered the Aztecs at Tenochtitlan. 2. Cortez went from Cuba to present day Vera Cruz, then marched over mountains to the Aztec capital. 3. Montezuma, the Aztec king, thought Cortez might be the god Quetzalcoatl who was due to re-appear that very year. Montezuma welcomed Cortez into Tenochtitlan. . The Spanish lust for gold led Montezuma to attack on the noche triste, sad night. Cortez and men fought their way out, but it was smallpox that eventually beat the Indians. 5. The Spanish then destroyed Tenochtitlan, building the Spanish capital (Mexico City) exactly on top of the Aztec city. 6. A new race of people emerged, mestizos, a mix of Spanish and Indian blood. 10. The Spre ad of Spanish America 1. Spanish society quickly spread through Peru and Mexico 2. A threat came from neighbors†¦ 1. English – John Cabot (an Italian who sailed for England) touched the coast of the current U. S. 2. Italy – Giovanni de Verrazano also touched on the North American seaboard. 3. France – Jacques Cartier went into mouth of St. Lawrence River (Canada). 3. To oppose this, Spain set up forts (presidios) all over the California coast. Also cities, like St. Augustine in Florid # 4. Don Juan de Onate followed Coronado’s old path into present day New Mexico. He conquered the Indians ruthlessly, maiming them by cutting off one foot of survivors just so they’d remember. 5. Despite mission efforts, the Pueblo Indians revolted in Pope’s Rebellion. 6. Robert de LaSalle sailed down the Mississippi River for France claiming the whole region for their King Louis and naming the area â€Å"Louisiana† after his king. This started a slew of place-names for that area, from LaSalle, Illinois to â€Å"Louisville† and then on down to New Orleans (the American counter of Joan of Arc’s famous victory at Orleans). 7. â€Å"Black Legend† – The Black Legend was the notion that Spaniards only brought bad things (murder, disease, slavery); though true, they also brought good things such as law systems, architecture, Christianity, language, and civilization, so that the Black Legend is partly, but not entirely, accurate. How to cite Apush Notes, Papers

Mental Health Approaches Prediction and Prevention

Question: Discuss about theMental Health Approachesfor Prediction and Prevention. Answer: This paper is about Identification and exploration of current approaches to deal with the problem of aggression in mental health care treatment settings. In this paper, literature review, analysis, and inquiries have been done and presented. Moreover, current approaches to the prediction, prevention, and management of aggression in inpatient and community-based treatment settings and their relevance in contemporary mental health nursing practice are presented in detail. To exemplify this point a distinction between physical and verbal aggression cannot be useless. Understanding these differences can have favorable consequences for individual companies. Intentionality is a concept that's implications for both professionals and researchers. It is recognized between instrumental and mad aggression. That is useful in differentiating between volatile, aggression actions and those who have a part that is planned (Dickens et al., 2013). This should be differentiated from a competitive scenario where an individual may be upset so that you can reach a target but stays somewhat in control in their behavior (Paterson, 2006). In compare, a person could lose monitoring of the answers and may experience an elevated arousal level. In the latter situation, the violence and the aggression may be driven and premeditated (Ahn et al., 2015). Therefore, because this can be seen as a potential first step in the chain of aggression behavior, constant vigilance is required to give focus to the lowest expression of aggression. A satisfactory and early reaction about the severity of the action can prevent a more severe type of aggression that would need a more restrictive intervention. Every 5 minutes an individual contact checks the patient whether the child has calmed down enough to participate in group tasks (Becher Visovsky, 2012). These interventions are not quite restrictive with autonomy and maximal dignity. As such we make an effort to stay with the objective of improving the autonomy and fury control managing styles, out of any power disagreement. The orderly enrollment, carefully tracked by the research worker, keeps staff attentive for actions and minor aggression against confusing the ethical standards (Fluttert, 2010). Room referral means the child is requested to visit their room for a brief time. We focus more on repetition as an alternative to the intensity of the interventions. Fixation and seclusion are so and seen as last period last selection responses (Allnutt et al., 2013). The practical alternatives differed between the states although aggression management practices included the same components in all four elements. Four-point leather straps with a restraint bed were used just in Finland. Giving was used in different ways and for various functions. In the Netherlands and Belgium, the youth was provided in a seclusion room when they left the room as a way to ensure staff security. A duvet was used as an aid in, physical constraint, or instead of. The interviewees in teen forensic units described similar components of aggression management techniques in Great Britain, Finland, the Netherlands, and Belgium. Nevertheless, options that are practical seeing the best way to use them, and precedence of different approaches differed from one unit to another (Berg et al., 2011). Verbal de-escalation was considered the favorite choice when interceding in escalated scenarios of adolescent behavior that is aggressive. Verbal interaction also appeared to have another function in different degrees of aggression behavior. This contradicts previous studies in adult psychiatric setting, where nursing staff still seemed to prioritize common strategies (seclusion, restraint) to handle aggression behavior. This also enabled the team to perform physical constraint with fewer staff members (Foster et al., 2007). The seclusion practices used varied across states. Intensive care units were in use just in Great Britain. Additionally, even though all the players described beginning their intervention by striving to create contact with the aggressor and speaking with the teens, for progressing to physical intervention, the thresholds changed (Bonifas, 2015). Aggressive behavior in people with a mental health condition connotes using real physical violence toward self, others, or property or making personal verbal dangers that are at hand. In healthcare settings, strategies for actively competitive patients have historically included using either seclusion (automatic positioning of a patient in a secured room or place where the patient is not permitted to leave) or restraints ((Paterson, 2006). Automatic management of mechanical, pharmacologic, or physical interventions, which can be viewed as more prohibitive than seclusion); these practices continue today. Standard care, as whatever was done before a new intervention was attempted frequently symbolized in comparative studies, differs considerably. Determining to use restraints or seclusion raises several significant clinical or policy problems. First is the best way to balance dangers and the advantages of restraints or seclusion to those practices with those of various options. Whether an evidence base exists to support using restraints or seclusion is debatable (Hector Bonifas, 2013). The direction of aggression behavior presents a significant challenge to mental health services. The interventions that can be utilized fall under three broad headings: physical, psychological and pharmacological interventions. In practice, health-care professionals may draw upon facts from all three groups in the direction of a potentially violent or violent scenario. Much interest targets using alternatives to restraints and seclusion (Allnutt, 2013). These strategies can address preventing aggression behavior or reduce aggression behavior once it has developed (or both). Both of these tactics that are preventative can overlap; appropriate strategies can also be used as a broad strategy on an unit-wide basis. In such situations, options range from emergency response teams; psychiatric emergency response teams, quick response teams, and these encompass behavioral emergency response teams. Furthermore, clinicians can use pharmacologic interventions to reduce agitation immediately (ra ther than more slowly treating the underlying sickness). We see a continuum of behavior and danger (Hector Bonifas, 2013). This spectrum may include patients with these illnesses who may be at risk of aggression behavior (i.e., aren't actively competitive), in which case interventions are preventative. Additionally, it may comprise those who find themselves demonstrating aggressive behaviors (i.e., are actively competitive), in which case interventions are directly active. Interventions can happen at any point along this continuum, and they can include an extensive assortment of strategies that can have parts that are educational, behavioral, psychological, organizational, environmental, or pharmacologic. The interventions must target a decrease either in aggression behavior or use of restraints and seclusion (Hector Bonifas, 2013). We classify and define responses to represent either prevention or intervention that is direct. Preventative strategies can be either general, part interventions that apply to all people (whether or not they are competitive) or individual processes directed at men who are at particularly high risk to become competitive. General preventative strategies often concentrate on whole care units and highlight supplying serene surroundings where aggression is not as likely to develop (Bonifas, 2015). They contain the following: risk assessment milieu-established changes including sensory rooms, which provide a supportive and peaceful environment for patients staffing changes, including increased staff-to-patient ratios staff training programs that are special; and peer-based interventions. Preventative strategies that are special frequently attempt to intercede at the stage of agitation, which can be seen as a risk factor for becoming competitive. Additionally, it may entail patients identified as being at a heightened danger to become competitive (e.g., were evaluated as being agitated) but who were not yet actively competitive (Paterson, 2006). Aggression happens as a defense mechanism and is established by constructive or destructive actions towards self or others or originates from innate drives. Competitive individuals disregard the rights of others. An aggressive way of life can result in verbal or physical violence. The aggressive behavior covers a significant dearth of self-confidence. Individuals that are competitive improve with their self-esteem by showing their superiority and thereby overpowering others (Bonifas, 2015). They vary from using drugs, patient instruction and assertiveness training to anticipatory strategies including verbal and nonverbal communications, and preventative strategies including self-awareness. If the patients aggressive behavior escalates despite these activities, the nurse may have to execute containment strategies and disaster management techniques including seclusion or restraints (Foster et al, 2007). Chemical controls are drugs used to limit patients freedom or for crisis management of behavior, but it is not a conventional treatment for the patients psychiatric or medical illness. They have been a breach of rights that are patient if used as a natural method of discipline, coercion or convenience. Teaching patients about the proper way and communicating to express rage can be among the most successful interventions in preventing the aggressive behavior. Teaching patients that feelings are wrong or bad or right or sick can enable them to investigate feelings that could happen to be bottled up, ignored or repressed (Foster et al, 2007). Restraints should be used efficiently and with the attention that to not injure a patient. Before the patient is approached sufficient staff must be gathered. Each public servant should be delegated responsibility for commanding particular body parts. Restraints should be accessible and in working order. Padding of restraints that are cuff helps to prevent skin breakdown. In anatomical alignment, the patient should be placed for the same (Renwick et al, 2016). Rage is a normal human emotion which is critical for persons development. Expressed assertively and when managed appropriately, age is a positive, creative power that results in productive change and problem solving. When directed and expressed as physical aggression or verbal aggression, anger is harmful and possibly life (Pillemer et al, 2012). Psychiatric nurses specifically, work with patients who've insufficient coping mechanisms for coping with anxiety. During these times of tension acts of violence or physical aggression can happen. For these reasons, it is essential that psychiatric nurses intervene and have the ability to evaluate patients in danger of violence before, during and after an episode that is aggressive. Debriefing is an essential part of terminating using restraints or seclusion (Fluttert et al, 2010). Debriefing is a therapeutic intervention which includes processing the answer to them and reviewing the facts related to an occasion. It supplies a chance to clarify the logical for seclusion, offers reciprocal responses, and identify methods of managing that may help the patient prevent isolation as time goes on, alternate to the staff and patient (Paterson, 2006). Time out from reward is a behavioral technique in which temporary removal of the patient can decrease unacceptable behaviors from through sometimes strengthening scenarios and exciting. Patients should be removed from restraints or seclusion when they satisfy standards for release (Foster et al, 2007). It is necessary to review the behavior that precipitated the patient and the interventions present ability to control their behavior. Patients should be told which behaviors or instincts which intervention they must command before the intervention can be discontinued and they must show (Paterson, 2006). Attentive documentat ion and communicating are essential in making a precise evaluation of a patients degree of management. Timeout usually will take a quiet region of the patients room or the patients component. When he can stay, composed patient is permitted to be from the time out place. Patient discovers their preparation to leave the time out place (Foster et al, 2007). References Ahn, H., Horgas, A. (2014). Does pain mediate or moderate the effect of cognitive impairment on aggression in nursing home residents with dementia?. Asian nursing research, 8(2), 105-109. Ahn, H., Garvan, C., Lyon, D. (2015). Pain and aggression in nursing home residents with dementia: Minimum Data Set 3.0 analysis. Nursing research, 64(4), 256-263. Allnutt, S. H., Ogloff, J. R., Adams, J., ODriscoll, C., Daffern, M., Carroll, A., ... Chaplow, D. (2013). Managing aggression and violence: The clinicians role in contemporary mental health care. Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 47(8), 728-736. Becher, J., Visovsky, C. (2012). Horizontal violence in nursing. Medsurg nursing, 21(4), 210. Berg, J., KALTIALA?HEINO, R., Vlimki, M. (2011). Management of aggressive behaviour among adolescents in forensic units: a four?country perspective. Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing, 18(9), 776-785. Bonifas, R. P. (2015). Resident-to-resident aggression in nursing homes: Social worker involvement and collaboration with nursing colleagues. Health Social Work, hlv040. Dickens, G., Piccirillo, M., Alderman, N. (2013). Causes and management of aggression and violence in a forensic mental health service: perspectives of nurses and patients. International journal of mental health nursing, 22(6), 532-544. Fluttert, F. A., Van Meijel, B., Nijman, H., Bjrkly, S., Grypdonck, M. (2010). Preventing aggressive incidents and seclusions in forensic care using the Early Recognition Method. Journal of clinical nursing, 19(11?12), 1529-1537. Foster, C., Bowers, L., Nijman, H. (2007). Aggressive behaviour on acute psychiatric wards: prevalence, severity and management. Journal of advanced nursing, 58(2), 140-149. Hector, P., Bonifas, R. P. (2013). Organizational Processes Matter: Addressing Resident-to-Resident Aggression in Nursing Homes. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 14(3), B24. Paterson, B. (2006). Developing a perspective on restraint and the least intrusive intervention. British Journal of Nursing, 15(22). Pillemer, K., Chen, E. K., Van Haitsma, K. S., Teresi, J., Ramirez, M., Silver, S., ... Lachs, M. S. (2012). Resident-to-resident aggression in nursing homes: results from a qualitative event reconstruction study. The Gerontologist, 52(1), 24-33. Renwick, L., Stewart, D., Richardson, M., Lavelle, M., James, K., Hardy, C., ... Bowers, L. (2016). Aggression on inpatient units: Clinical characteristics and consequences. International journal of mental health nursing. Sim, M. G., Wain, T., Khong, E. (2011). Aggressive behaviour: prevention and management in the general practice environment. Australian family physician, 40(11), 866. Zeller, A., Dassen, T., Kok, G., Needham, I., Halfens, R. J. (2012). Factors associated with resident aggression toward caregivers in nursing homes. Journal of nursing scholarship, 44(3), 249-257.

Evacuation of Children Essay Example

Evacuation of Children Essay Source A is a picture taken of evacuees walking towards a station in 1938. The people are in London, where the most amount of people evacuated out of Britains major cities. The faces of the children are happy and optimistic as though they are looking forward to this process. The source, however, does not indicate whether the picture was teken by the government for use as propanganda. Everyone in the photograph are waving and looking at the same point into the camera which could mean they were ordered to pose like that. Source B is an interview held in 1988 with a teacher who was evacuated with children during the Second World war. This account gives a more relistic feel on how it moust have felt for mothers to be sepertaed from their children The children were too afraid to talk, Mothers werent allowed with us the atmosphere then would have felt uneasy for the children, as the rush into evacuation made children feel confused and unsure where their planned destination would be. The evacuation process was very formal We put the children on the train and the gates closed behind us and mothers didnt know how to act as the majority didnt have a clue where their children were off to and when they were going to see their children again. Source C is an extract from a novel about evacuees. As it is fiction, we do not know whether to interpret the story as being true. The novel could have been partly based on true accounts from evacuees. The source begins with Not a speck of dust anywhere as though this was a shocked reactionfrom the children about the cleanliness of their new home. We will write a custom essay sample on Evacuation of Children specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Evacuation of Children specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Evacuation of Children specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer People from the city were stereotyped as being poor and unhygenic. The children in the novel are taken in by a hostess who clearly knows nothing about the city life, Im sorry, how silly of me, why should you have slippers? she is casting her prejudice thoughts before the children can offer an explanation. Some foster parents thought that children would bring diesease into their home, as most evacuees where poorer children from the larger industrial cities. Source D is an advertisement issued by the government in 1940. it appeals for more people in Scotland to provide homes for evacuee children. There is a picture of a typical blond, British girl and boy, with large smiles on their faces and a large quote follows, Thank you foster Parents We want more like you! giving thankfullness and praise if adults followed the appeal. the advertisement has been written in a formal style, even discussing the fact that looking after these children would be Extra work. Taking in evacuees was seen by adults as helping the war effort To share in the present task and to be ready for any crisis that may come. The idea of loving the children doesnt seem to be an issue. It is as though it is more of a hassle that others have to face with and work together to feel as thought they are helping the war. Source E is an interview with a parent in May 1940. It is clear he lives in the city as he explains he does not want his son to go to The Shires as They were already starving before the war The father has stereotyped people fromt he countryside, beliving that there would be no facilities or knowledge for looking after his son appropriately. This resistance of letting his son go could be his inner feelings of fear for he may not be able to see his son again well, what if I got killed? Who would look after him then? The parents really loved their children and used whatever excuse they could to advoid the parternal seperation. Source F is an account from a Londoner who was evacuated in June 1940, from South London to Barnstaple in Devonshire, I think our foster mother found us a bit hard to understand with our somewhat more worldly outlook and ways. I am grateful to her for taking us in as it could not have been easy to handle two lively young strangers, and we were warm and comfortable and well fed at all times. This quote shows the general feeling of evacuation as most cases were left with a positive note. People understood that they were helping the war effort and felt even though this was hard work, it was easier to deal with because the whole nation was going through the same process,

Salem Witch Trials

Salem Witch Trials Introduction Salem Possessed† is a book written by Paul S. Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum which focuses on Salem Witch Trials. The writers explain that the problem began in the year 1691 and was marked by the behaviour of some girls in the same village who were involved in fortune telling. They were using a makeshift crystal ball to foretell their future and were aided by a slave couple which had come from Western India.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Salem Witch Trials specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first trial began on February in the year 1692 after the arrest of three women who were being accused of witchcraft. The women were inclusive of Sarah Osborn and Sarah Good who did not did not agree to the charges and Tituba who voluntarily agreed to the charges and did not plead innocent. Around one hundred and eighty five people had been accused by the time the trials came to an end of which one hun dred and forty one were women while the rest were men. The same study explains that out of the total number of the accused, there were fourteen women and five men. Those who faced trial were fifty two women and seven men and finally, those who were convicted were twenty six women and five men (Linder Para. 6). Since Salem was a religious community, the trials came to and end following a sermon by Increase Marther. The preacher was for protecting innocent people from being persecuted. With that background in mind, this paper shall describe the Salem witch trials and narrow down to women and property in relation to the same. The Plot Summary The introductory part has highlighted the main points of Salem Witch Trials and it is equally important to discuss the summary of activities which were taking place to be in a position to analyze some themes of the same. The plight of Salem started when one of the church elders by the name John Putman invited Samuel Paris to preach in the village. Paris latter agreed to become the minister of the village after he was given a better remuneration which included a better salary, privileges as well as allowances.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During that period, studies indicate that people were divided into two groups of people: the Porters and the Purtnams and all were competing for political as well as religious leadership (Boyer and Nissenbaum pp. 124). Witchcraft accusations were stirred by the sickness of a young girl who was known as Betty Paris. The girl was complaining of pain and fever and although there was a likelihood that the symptoms were as a result of a disease or some condition like child abuse, it was not possible by then to know the cause of the misery. Nevertheless, some people in the village suspected witchcraft to be the underlying cause. Villagers started to think more about witchcraft wh en close friends of the sick girl started to experience the same symptoms. The three girls who were experiencing similar symptoms were known as Mary Walcott, Mary Lewis and Ann Putnam. Although a doctor was consulted to treat them, studies indicate that he diagnosed the problem to have been caused by a supernatural cause (Murphy, Par. 3). Since the villagers believed that young children were the main target of the witches, there was little cause to doubt the diagnoses. In view of the fact that Salem villagers supposed that dogs were used by witches to bewitch people, one woman proposed the same dogs to be used to verify whether the victims were actually bewitched or not. To affirm, this dogs were given a cake that was mixed with the urine of the victim and in case the dog and victim displayed similar behaviour, it was concluded that the victim was actually bewitched. The number of the bewitched girls continued to increase and it turned out to be a matter of concern since villagers b ecame obsessed with it. The trial began when the two girls; Betty and Abigail named the people whom they thought were responsible for their misery. Nevertheless, the analysis of the trial and accusations revealed that the two girls drafted their accusation stories collaboratively. Other girls who were likewise afflicted maintained that they had seen witches flying during winter and were supported by the family of Putnam which was very prominent (Boyer and Nissenbaum pp. 126). As highlighted in the introductory part, the first group to be accused was composed of three women namely Osborn, Good and Tituba. While Osborn was old and querulous, Good was a beggar who never had a permanent dwelling place and survived mainly by begging for food and shelter from the villagers.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Salem Witch Trials specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two magistrates who were dealing with witchcraft case s were John Hathome as well as Jonathan Corwoin. The girls and the villagers volunteered to offer information concerning the accused women. While the girls explained that they suffered greatly in the presence of the accused, villagers maintained that their animals disappeared or were born with deformities once the accused visited their compounds. It was clear that the judges believed that the women were guilty especially due to the questions which they asked them such as whether they had either seen Satan or whether they believed whether they were witches or not (Sutter, Para. 5). The trial would have taken another course were it not for Tituba who confessed to the accusations. The woman explained that she was once approached by Satan who was a tall man from Boston and latter was requested to be his servant and affirm the same by signing a book. The woman explained that the tall man would either appear as a dog or even as a hog. Although she tried to seek religious counsel; the woma n described that she was prevented from doing so by the devil. Most surprisingly, Tituba explained that she had around four witches who were serving Satan with her, Osborn and Good included. Consequently, due to her confession, the ministers started to look for more witches and majority of the witchcraft sceptic also became silent (Boyer and Nissenbaum pp. 90). Some other women were accused of witchcraft especially after the girls reported that they were being attacked by them. Young girls were also accused of the same evil; as young as four years of age. The audience had no other reason other than to believe especially due the confession of the afflicted girls who even confessed of being made dumb by the same witches. As time went by, one accused by the name Deliverance Hobbs also confessed to witchcraft accusations. Due to the increased witchcraft cases, Phips the governor by then established a new court for the purpose of conducting witchcraft trials and appointed five judges for the same purpose. The trials involved close examination of the accused by the judges and even use of gossip, stories and hearsay. The accused were most disadvantaged as they were not allowed to appeal or to have witnesses to testify on their behalf.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The trials continued to take place even after the trial of Bridget Bishop who was the first man to be tried and hanged. It was risky for anyone to be against the accusations and such a person also stood a chance of being victimized. Some of the people who confessed were allowed to live but most of them were hanged, stoned and some died in prison (The Salem Witch Trials Par. 8). Further studies indicate that the trials came to an end in the year 1693 and some of the accused who were still prison were pardoned and allowed to continue with their normal lives. Analysis Women and Property Most scholars have been committed to analyze the issue of Salem witch trials and have come up with different conclusions. To begin with, a virtual analysis of the accused witches indicates that the total number of the accused women were far much more than men. Most importantly, although some couples were accused, studies indicate that most of the women who were accused were widows. It is also important to note that young girls were also accused of the same crime (Sutter, Para 5). The critical analysis of the whole issue indicates that there was a big difference between the accusers and the accused. Studies of Campbell (Para. 4) illustrate that most of the people who were accused were living in the south and they were wealthier than the accusers since they had much property. In addition, most of the accused families were aimed at gaining properties from the accused once they were convicted. Religious factors also came into play since studies indicate that while most of the accused witches were in support of George Burroughs, the accusers and their families were against him and actually contributed greatly in forcing the ex minister to leave their territory (Murphy, Par. 3). Conclusions As much as men were accused and convicted of witchcraft, women were the main victims. Majority of the women who were accused and convicted were aged forty years and above. In most cases, men who were accused happened to be the relatives of the women witches. Most of the people who were accused were rich, relatively rich or powerful. A critical analysis of the issues in Salem indicates that there were underlying causes to the problem which may be inclusive of economic factors as well as sexual and doctrinal threat (Linder, Par. 8). This is the main reason why most of the people who were accused were wealthy widows. They were viewed as a threat to some traditions involving the transfer of property from the fathers to the sons. In addition, women who never had male children were also at a greater risk of being accused due to the same issue. Women who inherited property from their husbands were also at a greater risk of being accused especially when there were male children in the same family (Campbell Para 8.). However, there were some who never had property but were still accused like Martha Carrier. Therefore, it cannot be an understatement to conclude that Salem witch trials we re spurred by economic, social and religious issues. Boyer, Paul S. and Stephen Nissenbaum. Salem possessed: the social origins of witchcraft. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974. Print. Campbell, Donna M. Salem Witch Trials as Fact and Symbol. Web. Linder, Douglas. The Witchcraft Trials in Salem: A Commentary. Web. Murphy, Kate. Salem Possessed: The Social Origins of Witchcraft. Web. Sutter, Tim. Salem Witchcraft: The Events and Causes of the Salem Witch Trials. 2000. Web. The Salem Witch Trials. 2010. Web.

Policy brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Policy brief - Essay Example There is an acute shortage of nursing faculty across all the states in the US as Fox (2013) reports "Shortage of professors is curbing the capacity of nursing schools to crank out graduates with advanced degrees†. More baccalaureate degree-holder nurses are required from the view point of achieving higher enrollees for doctoral programs as well. IOM say that almost half the nursing workforce is likely to retire in couple of years. The proportion of ageing population over age 65 is steadily going up creating further strain on quality care. Reforms in healthcare system will bring millions of people under healthcare system requiring more nurses to provide needed healthcare in hospitals. It is important to note that the US Army, Air force, and Navy need nurses with baccalaureate degree. Even the Veterans Health Administration too needs nurses with a baccalaureate degree for further advancement in the job. According to Lavis et al. (2009), it is important to know whether increasing the proportion of nurses with a baccalaureate degree to 80 percent by 2020 is an important issue for policy makers in the process to enhance healthcare for people. This issue is highly relevant in the sense that baccalaureate degree-holder nurses by 2020 in the US is important for several reasons that include changing demographics where in proportion of aged above 65 is steadily increasing due to rising age at birth in the US and secondly the goal is to enhance quality care for its citizens. Baccalaureate degree nurses (BSN) play an important role in preventive care. Being trained in public community health and management the BSN nurses are more suited for several functions that include manager, patient educator, public health, discharge coordinator. Obama administration lays a special emphasis on preventive measures and Public Health Departments are provided increased funding support from the administration. The BSN-prepared public health nurses are most suited for

Sources of Demographic Data Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sources of Demographic Data - Case Study Example The demographic analysis may also encompass nationality, religion, education, and ethnicity (Murdock, 2006). All these elements are usually vital for the government for planning on different government developmental issues. Nonetheless, all the demographic data that are used in the analysis of population and its structure are usually obtained through numerous sources including census, administrative records, and surveys.  The population census is a collective process that used to collect, evaluate, analyze, compile, and publish data; otherwise, it is the disseminating demographics, social and economic data within a specific time to all persons in a country or within a well-delimited section or part of a country. Census usually involves the collection of data concerning every person within a set of living quarters in the whole country or part of a country. It usually allows estimates for small population and geographic or subpopulation to be used in the final tally (Murdock, 2006). Census processes are usually vital for their bass population figures that usually used to calculate fundamental rates, especially from the civil registration data. It also supplies sample surveys with sample frames. Additionally, censuses are usually vital for securing legislation requirements, political funding and supports, as well listing and mapping all the households. Therefore, census usually has structured steps including formulation of questionnaires that include all the areas of interest including age, sex, education, ethnicity, nationality, household information, and profession among other areas of interest. It is worth noting that census processes are usually complex and expensive. Moreover, not all information can be gathered using a single census period; thus, the questionnaires of any census period are usually designed differently in light of what the final users of the data are interested in.

Gernal Motors Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gernal Motors - Term Paper Example The backdrop behind the inception of the company was the New York Auto Show of the year 1900, which was immensely successful in garnering a lot of positive attention from the masses. Before foraying into the automobile sector through the foundation of General Motors, the founder was highly successful in the manufacturing business of horse driven vehicles in the United States. Talking in regards to the strategy implemented by General Motors, for attaining business growth in the automobile market that provided extremely strong business opportunities as of the early days of automobile manufacturing, it needs to be mentioned that the company focused on growing through acquisition. Though in the very beginning, General Motors was holding only the Buick Motor Company, yet in a very short time the company has acquired Cadillac, Oldsmobile as well as Oakland, which is the modern day Pontiac. The company also focused on strategic acquisition of Opel, which concentrated on the entering the aut omobile market with their basic patent in the year 1899 (General Motors -1, 2013). Though the company’s core business offering is the automobile sector but the company has diversified in the recent years. As of the recent times, the company has transformed itself in to a global conglomerate, with offering in a wide range of sectors. It needs to be mentioned that GM at present has around 396 facilities all over the world (General Motors -2, 2013). The company has its footprints spread across multiple continents like North America, Europe, Asia as well as South America. Talking in regards to annual sales of the company, it needs to be mentioned that as of March 2013, the company sold around 245,950 units. This resulted in a spike of around 6 percent in annual sales in regards to the previous year (General Motors -3, 2013). While discussing on the lines of annual dollar sales, the data from various newspaper articles highlight that the company booked a profit of over 7.5 billion USD as of the year 2011 (Roberson, 2012). Section B: Products Marketed It is of considerable importance to say that the company General Motors has a highly diversified product portfolio. It needs to be mentioned that the company’s product portfolio for the multiple continents comprises of cars, crossovers as well as trucks. Discussing in a more specific manner, it can be highlighted that the product offerings extends from mini cars and electric vehicles to mega sized trucks, convertibles as well as monocabs. Talking in regards to the brands marketed by the largest automobile company on the lines of product volume, it can be said that the brands of General Motors are made available at around 120 countries across the globe. The popular brands of General Motors comprise of Buick, Chevrolet, GMC, Baojun, Cadillac, Holden, Jiefang, Isuzu, Vauxhall, Wuling and Opel. Also, since, the company has considerable amount of stakes in multiple joint ventures in China, it also holds some c redit for some of the Chinese automobile brands and models (General Motors -2, 2013). While discussing about product packaging, it needs to be highlighted that the product that is being discussed in this particular case belongs to the automobile se

Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) Effect on Exchange Rate

Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) Effect on Exchange Rate Brent J. Sackett Referee Report 3: Copelovitch, M. S., Pevehouse, J. C. (2013). Ties that Bind? Preferential Trade Agreements and Exchange Rate Policy Choice. International Studies Quarterly, 57(2): 385-399 Summary This paper assesses the effect of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on exchange rate policies. When a country joins a PTA, the government’s ability to employ trade protection is constrained. This increases incentives to maintain fiscal and monetary autonomy in order to manipulate its domestic political economy. One way to do this is by implementing a flexible exchange rate policy. The authors argue that a PTA with a nation’s â€Å"base† country (the country to whom they have traditionally fixed their currency, or a country where they have extensive trade ties), makes a country less likely to adopt a fixed exchange rate. In addition, this paper argues that countries who have signed a base PTA will also tend to maintain an undervalued exchange rate level. Using an original data set of 99 countries from 1975 to 2004, the authors find empirical support for their argument. Evaluation My overall impression of this article is positive. In fact, I would say this article will be excellent after a few methodological problems are corrected. The paper clearly identifies a research question and provides an important insight that expands our understanding of exchange rate policy. However, I will present some comments and recommendations for improvement. Comment 1 (Theory and Causal Mechanism) In general, the theory and hypotheses are clearly presented and easy to understand. However, one part of the theoretical link between PTAs and exchange rate policy is missing and should be discussed more thoroughly. This may simply be a matter of terminology, or it may indicate a missing link in the causal chain. The authors assert that â€Å"PTAs generally commit members to more extensive free trade (2).† This seems to indicate the causal mechanism behind the story: PTAs tie the hands of governments who want to employ trade protection, so they resort to exchange rate policy instead of tariffs or other means. However, PTAs are not all the same in the way they constrain behavior regarding trade protection (Baccini, Dà ¼r, Elsig Milewicz, 2011, Kucik, 2012). While the authors note substantial cross-national variation in PTA participation, the discussion of variation in the PTAs themselves is inadequate. PTAs are not homogenous and actually vary substantially. Baccini et al. and Kucik both explain that variation in PTA design and implementation goes far beyond simple â€Å"free-trade† protections to include intellectual property, investments, enforcement, and even significantly differing tariff levels and exemptions. Is the paper’s theory based on free-trade commitments generally or PTAs specifically? In footnote 9 on page 4, the authors state that GATT/WTO membership had no influence on exchange rate choice even though in theory it should constrain trade policy choice in the same way a PTA does. This leads to some confusion about the causal mechanism that needs to be clarifi ed. What exactly is the causal mechanism within PTA participation and why does it fail in other commitments to free trade? In addition, I would like to know if the large variation in PTA design effects the causal mechanism. These questions need to be answered to clarify the argument. I have a second concern regarding the assumptions behind the theory. For the causal mechanism to work, the nation must feel pressure to comply with trade restrictions in the PTA. Otherwise, there is no incentive to use exchange rate policy to circumvent the PTA. However, others research has shown that compliance with international agreements is not straightforward and the intention to comply cannot be assumed (Simmons, 1998). Some nations may join PTAs with no intention to comply at all. Others may sign a PTA because they already intended to behave in accordance with the free trade commitments anyway. In either case, the causal mechanism of the paper is undermined. If Simmons and others are correct, a PTA may not provide the restraint the authors assume it does. Although a thorough discussion of compliance is not necessary, I would like to see it mentioned at least briefly. Both of these comments lead to some concerns about the data. Comment 2 (Data) I have two comments regarding the data. The first is a concern about potential measurement errors that follows from my questions about the causal mechanism. The primary explanatory variable BasePTA uses the PTA dataset based on Mansfield et al. (2007). However, the data include significant heterogeneity in the likely causal mechanism (free trade commitments) that is not measured properly. Kucik notes that: â€Å"At one end of the design spectrum, roughly 25% of all PTAs grant their members full discretion over the use of escape clauses, imposing very few if any regulations relating to the enforcement of the contract’s flexibility system. At the other end, no less than 27% of PTAs place strict limits on (or entirely forbid) the use of flexibility (2012, 97).† If this is true, a highly flexible PTA may actually be similar to an observation without a PTA at all. A more refined measurement of the causal mechanism than simple PTA participation may be needed. My second concern regarding the data is related to selection effects. Countries do not join PTAs randomly. For example, democracies are more likely to participate in PTAs (Mansfield, Milner, and Rosendorff, 2002). In addition, there may be other unobserved reasons that individual countries decide to enter into PTAs especially with their base country. I would like to see a more detailed discussion regarding selection effects and perhaps some statistical method to test for it such as a Heckman model. Comment 3 (Methodology) Two problems with endogeneity in the models need to be address. One of the primary dependent variables, Undervaluation, is calculated using GDP per capita (5) to control for the fact that non-tradable goods tend to be cheaper in poorer countries. This is problematic when GDP per capita is also used as an explanatory variable in models 3 and 4 as shown in Table 4. A model using the same variable on both sides of the equation potentially causes problems. This is especially problematic considering the limitations of the other variable capturing the concept of undervaluation REER. According to the authors, REER fails to capture the concept at all! REER â€Å"†¦does not actually indicate whether a currency is over- or undervalued†¦ (5).† It only measures changes in the exchange rate relative to the baseline year. The variable Undervaluation was added to correct this shortcoming, but is hampered by endogeneity. The combination of these two factors may be why the findings about exchange rate levels are not definitive. Another form of endogeneity sneaks into the authors’ model. Beaulieu, Cox, Saiegh (2012) illustrate that GDP per capita and regime types are endogenous. High levels of GDP per capita may simply be an indication of long term democratic government. When both variables are included in models predicting exchange rate policy, the resulting coefficients may be incorrect. The models reported in Tables 2 4 include both GDP per capita (log) as well as democracy (POLITY2) and result in inconsistent levels of statistical significance for both variables. This endogeneity should be addressed using a proxy or other methods. I also have a minor concern with omitted variable bias. Bernhard, et al. (2002) emphasize that Exchange rate policy and Central Bank Independence (CBI) cannot be studied in isolation. They have potentially overlapping effects and measurements of both need to be included in a model explaining monetary policy. I recommend incorporating an additional variable that measures CBI. My final concern with methodology has to do with the operationalization of the concept of democratic institutions. The authors briefly note that domestic political institutions influence exchange rate policy. Specifically, the nature of the electoral process and interest group influence can result in variations in exchange rate policy (for example, Moore Mukherjee 2006; Mukherjee, Bagozzi, and Joo 2014). In addition, Bearce (2014) shows that democracies manipulate exchange rate policy to appease domestic groups without regard to PTAs. To control for this, the authors use the Polity2 variable and two export composition variables. However the composite measurement of democracy fails to account for the variation in political institutions (such as parliamentary systems) that have been found causal in influencing exchange rate policy. In addition, the variables Mfg Exports and Ag Exports fail to account for an interest group’s ability to influence policy. To fully control for demo cratic institutions, the authors need to identify the relevant democratic institutions and use a variable to capture those institutions. The Polity2 composite is inadequate. Comment 4 (Discussion and Implications): My first comment about the discussion is positive. I think the model extension to capture the interaction effects between BasePTA and Base Trade is excellent and insightful. In particular, Figure 1 is very well done and clearly illustrates this effect. However, the rest of the discussion of the findings is overshadowed by the data and methodological problems. In particular, the comment about the â€Å"noisy (12)† nature of the findings regarding exchange rate levels seems like a cop-out. I would rather see the methodology strengthened instead of excuses (although to be fair, exchange rate levels are indeed noisy). Smaller issues The general structure of the paper is solid and the writing is clear, but I have some comments regarding minor issues that could improve the impact of this paper. Comment 1 (Primary Dependent Variable discussion): I am concerned by the comment that the potential measurements of the dependent variable (Exchange Rate Regime) differ in methodology and yield â€Å"†¦ quite different classifications across countries and over time (5).† This caused a red flag and left me concerned initially. Valid and reliable measurement of this variable is essential to properly test the hypothesis. I recommend rewording this and explaining more simply from the start why this variation exists and why it does not threaten the model. Comment 2 (Inflation Variable discussion) The inflation variable (6) uses two sources to account for missing observations (World Bank and IMF). I am concerned that the measurement methodology may not be exactly the same and could introduce bias when the observations are combined. A brief sentence or two covering the compatibility between the two sources would eliminate this concern. Recommendation to the editor Revisions required: This paper will make a strong contribution to the literature with some revisions. My biggest concern has to do with the causal mechanism and how the concept is captured in the primary explanatory variable. Explaining this in more detail and addressing the other issues will make this paper ready for publication. References Beaulieu, E., Cox, G. and Saiegh, S. (2012). Sovereign Debt and Regime Type: Reconsidering the Democratic Advantage. International Organization, 66(04): 709-738 Baccini, Leonardo, Andreas Dà ¼r, Manfred Elsig and Karolina Milewicz (2011). â€Å"The Design of Preferential Trade Agreements: A New Dataset in the Making†, WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2011-10 Bearce, David (2014). A Political Explanation for Exchange-Rate Regime Gaps. The Journal of Politics, 76(1): 58–72 Bernhard, William, J. Lawrence Broz, and William Roberts Clark (2002). The Political Economy of Monetary Institutions. International Organization, 5: 693-723 J Lawrence Broz and Seth Werfel (2014). Exchange Rates and Industry Demands for Trade Protection. International Organization, 68(02):393–416 Kucik, Jeffrey (2012). The Domestic Politics of Institutional Design: Producer Preferences over Trade Agreement Rules. Economics Politics 24(2):95–118 Mansfield, Edward, Helen Milner, and Jon Pevehouse. (2007). Vetoing Co-operation: The Impact of Veto Players on Preferential Trade Agreements. British Journal of Political Science 37: 403–432. Mansfield, Edward, Helen Milner, and Peter Rosendorff (2002). Why Democracies Cooperate More: Electoral Control and International Trade Agreements International Organization, 56(3): 477-513 Moore, Will and Bumba Mukherjee (2006). Coalition Government Formation and Foreign Exchange Markets: Theory and Evidence from Europe. International Studies Quarterly, 50(1):93–118 Mukherjee, Bumba, Benjamin Bagozzi, and Minhyung Joo (2014). Foreign Currency Liabilities, Party Systems and Exchange Rate Overvaluation. IPES Conference Paper 1–44 Simmons, Beth (1998) Compliance with International Agreements. Annual Review of Political Science 1:75-93

Irish Literature And Rebellion Essay -- essays research papers

Irish Literature and Rebellion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the heart of every Irishman hides a poet, burning with nationalistic passion for his beloved Emerald Isle. It is this same passion, which for centuries, Great Britain has attempted to snuff out of the Catholics of Ireland with tyrannical policies and the hegemony of the Protestant religion. Catholics were treated like second-class citizens in their native home. Centuries of oppression churned in the hearts of the Irish and came to a boil in the writings and literature of the sons and daughters of Ireland. The Literary Renaissance of Ireland produced some of the greatest writers the world has seen. John O’Leary said it best, â€Å"literature must be national and nationalism must be literary† (Harmon, 65). Although there is an endless stream of profound poets and playwrights; John Synge, Lady Gregory, Oscar Wilde, etc., this paper’s primary focus is on William Butler Yeats and James Joyce, and their contributions during the Irish Literary Ren aissance and their perspectives on the â€Å"Irish Question.† They preserved the names of the heroes of the past and celebrated the Irish spirit through their writings so that the sacrifice of many would not be in vain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Butler Yeats was born in the Dublin suburb of Sandymont on June 13, 1865. Interestingly enough, his family was of the Protestant faith. He wasn’t much of an activist at first and didn’t really care all that much for schooling either, â€Å"because I found it difficult to attend to anything less interesting than my thoughts, I was difficult to teach† (DLB 19, 403). However, in 1886 he met John O’Leary, an old Fenian leader. O’Leary had been a Young Irelander and fought in the insurrection of 1849. He took Yeats under his wing and introduced him to the world of fenians and fenianism. His influence on Yeats’ writing is undeniable. Yeats began to write â€Å"in the way of [Sir Samuel] Ferguson and [James Clarence] Mangan† and evolve his nationalism and anti-English sentiment (O’Connor, 165). Yeats, like Ferguson, saw â€Å"literature in Irish was an essential part of the education of any Irishman and tri ed to make it so† (O’Connor, 150). He toured Ireland and established the National Literary Society. His greatest ambition was to unite Catholic Ireland and Protestant Ireland through national literature. He loved Ireland and the Irish... ...rs this to be â€Å"the real voice of the Irish middle class† (O’Connor, 161). Throughout â€Å"Ivy Day in the Committee Room,† we are introduced to a cast of characters who have been out shaking hands and kissing babies. They sit around and slowly warm themselves back to life by the small fire and sipping on stout. The discuss politics and life, each other, and the anniversary of the tragic loss Charles Stewart Parnell. The story ends with the reading of a poem written in memory of Parnell, which declares him the â€Å"Uncrowned King,† and concludes â€Å"The day that brings us Freedom’s reign. / And on that day may Erin well / Pledge in the cup she lifts to Joy / One grief – the memory of Parnell† (Joyce, 116). Through the words and verses of Yeats and Joyce and all the writers of the Irish Literary Renaissance, the memories of the brave have survived. The purpose of the their writing was to kindle the patriotic flame of the Irish and work towards a united Ireland. In the troubles of today, the memory of the sacrifices of yesterday are still strong within the culture and traditions of the Irish. Someday, their dream and the dream of so many who have gone before them will be recognized and achieved.